Table 2

Associations of early-life SEC with the level and rate of change over time of physical, cognitive and emotional functioning in men

Row	Men	Physical functioning				Cognitive functioning				Emotional functioning
		Muscle strength		Peak expiratory flow		Delayed recall		Verbal fluency		Depressive symptoms		Well-being
		b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value
1	Intercept	44.38 (43.58 to 45.18)	<0.001	446.00 (430.51 to 461.49)	<0.001	3.92 (3.75 to 4.09)	<0.001	24.03 (23.42 to 24.64)	<0.001	1.30 (1.12 to 1.48)	<0.001	40.24 (39.67 to 40.81)	<0.001
2	Time	−1.07 (−1.42 to -0.72)	<0.001	−5.17 (−14.49 to 4.15)	0.277	0.14 (0.04 to 0.25)	0.006	−0.52 (−0.86 to −0.18)	0.002	0.03 (−0.08 to 0.13)	0.610	0.04 (−0.27 to 0.36)	0.779
3	Time²	−0.02 (−0.08 to 0.05)	0.639	−0.82 (−3.14 to 1.51)	0.491	−0.02 (−0.04 to −0.00)	0.047	0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10)	0.396	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)	0.271	−0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04)	0.432
	Early-life SEC
	Level
4	No of book (ref. more than 10)
	Less than 10	−0.93 (−1.33 to −0.53)	<0.001	−18.90 (−26.43 to −11.37)	<0.001	−0.37 (−0.46 to −0.28)	<0.001	−1.84 (−2.15 to −1.53)	<0.001	0.16 (0.07 to 0.25)	0.001	−0.84 (–1.14 to −0.54)	<0.001
5	Occupational position of the main breadwinner (ref. high skills)
	Low skills	0.78 (0.24 to 1.31)	0.004	−1.16 (−11.22 to 8.91)	0.822	−0.26 (−0.38 to −0.14)	<0.001	−1.21 (−1.64 to −0.79)	<0.001	0.06 (−0.06 to 0.19)	0.336	−0.36 (−0.77 to 0.05)	0.083
6	Overcrowding (ref. no)
	Yes	−0.09 (–0.50 to 0.32)	0.662	2.63 (−5.13 to 10.39)	0.506	−0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05)	0.417	−0.85 (−1.17 to −0.53)	<0.001	0.11 (0.02 to 0.21)	0.019	−0.21 (−0.51 to 0.10)	0.184
7	Housing quality (ref. high)
	Low	−0.14 (−0.59 to 0.30)	0.528	−13.80 (−22.18 to −5.43)	0.001	−0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)	0.002	−0.55 (−0.90 to −0.20)	0.002	−0.07 (−0.17 to 0.04)	0.203	−0.01 (−0.35 to 0.33)	0.96
	Linear change
8	No of book (ref. more than 10)
	Less than 10	0.40 (0.15 to 0.65)	0.002	−2.80 (−9.67 to 4.07)	0.424	0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11)	0.363	0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30)	0.686	−0.02 (−0.10 to 0.05)	0.551	0.23 (0.01 to 0.46)	0.045
9	Occupational position of the main breadwinner (ref. high skills)
	Low skills	−0.19 (−0.54 to 0.15)	0.273	2.57 (−6.54 to 11.67)	0.58	0.05 (−0.05 to 0.15)	0.369	−0.04 (−0.37 to 0.29)	0.81	0.03 (−0.07 to 0.14)	0.499	−0.04 (−0.35 to 0.26)	0.783
10	Overcrowding (ref. no)
	Yes	0.07 (−0.18 to 0.33)	0.58	−1.78 (−8.67 to 5.11)	0.613	−0.02 (−0.10 to 0.05)	0.531	0.21 (−0.04 to 0.46)	0.098	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03)	0.266	0.10 (−0.13 to 0.32)	0.413
11	Housing quality (ref. high)
	Low	0.16 (−0.13 to 0.44)	0.279	3.85 (−3.84 to 11.53)	0.326	−0.09 (−0.17 to −0.00)	0.04	0.16 (−0.12 to 0.44)	0.259	0.04 (−0.05 to 0.12)	0.393	−0.22 (−0.48 to 0.04)	0.096
	Quadratic change
12	No of book (ref. more than 10)
	Less than 10	−0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03)	0.002	0.26 (−1.44 to 1.96)	0.767	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.00)	0.035	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)	0.37	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.467	−0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00)	0.058
13	Occupational position of the main breadwinner (ref. high skills)
	Low skills	0.02 (−0.04 to 0.09)	0.46	−0.99 (−3.25 to 1.27)	0.39	−0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00)	0.118	0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08)	0.617	−0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01)	0.503	0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07)	0.704
14	Overcrowding (ref. no)
	Yes	0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05)	0.957	0.26 (−1.44 to 1.97)	0.764	0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.844	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)	0.404	0.01 (−0.00 to 0.03)	0.131	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01)	0.149
15	Housing quality (ref. high)
	Low	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03)	0.301	−0.49 (−2.39 to 1.40)	0.611	0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)	0.01	−0.02 (−0.08 to 0.03)	0.378	−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01)	0.512	0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08)	0.214

All models were adjusted for participant’s age at baseline, birth cohort, adverse childhood experiences, childhood health problems, participant attrition and country of residence. Muscle strength and peak expiratory flow was additionally adjusted for height. All models included interaction terms between the four indicators of early-life SEC and age at baseline, as well as between time (linear and quadratic) and age at baseline. All models included a random intercept and linear slopes for time (ie, the measurement occasions).
SEC, socioeconomic circumstance.