Characteristic | Age-adjusted* | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 3 § | Model 4 ¶ |
Neighbourhood | |||||
Gini coefficient of income inequality** †† | |||||
Lowest quartile | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Second quartile | 0.17 (−0.35 to 0.69) | 0.10 (−0.43 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.45 to 0.64) | 0.10 (−0.45 to 0.66) | 0.15 (−0.43 to 0.73) |
Third quartile | −0.23 (−0.79 to 0.33) | −0.33 (−0.90 to 0.23) | −0.41 (−1.00 to 0.17) | −0.38 (−0.98 to 0.21) | −0.34 (−0.96 to 0.28) |
Highest quartile | −0.34 (−0.93 to 0.24) | −0.43 (−1.02 to 0.16) | −0.56 (−1.18 to 0.05) | −0.46 (−1.14 to 0.22) | −0.43 (−1.14 to 0.29) |
F, df=3 (P) | 1.3 (0.26) | 1.7 (0.18) | 2.4 (0.07) | 1.6 (0.18) | 1.6 (0.18) |
Median household income** †† | |||||
Lowest quartile | −0.31 (−0.92 to 0.30) | −0.46 (−1.09 to 0.17) | −0.54 (−1.20 to 0.11) | −0.30 (−1.01 to 0.42) | −0.27 (−1.19 to 0.64) |
Second quartile | 0.10 (−0.51 to 0.72) | 0.03 (−0.60 to 0.65) | −0.06 (−0.68 to 0.57) | 0.03 (−0.63 to 0.69) | 0.06 (−0.68 to 0.80) |
Third quartile | −0.26 (−0.81 to 0.30) | −0.28 (−0.86 to 0.31) | −0.36 (−0.92 to 0.20) | −0.29 (−0.87 to 0.28) | −0.27 (−0.88 to 0.34) |
Highest quartile | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
F, df=3 (P) | 1.0 (0.39) | 1.3 (0.27) | 1.5 (0.22) | 0.8 (0.50) | 0.7 (0.53) |
Social Fragmentation Index** †† | |||||
Lowest quartile | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||
Second quartile | 0.22 (−0.28 to 0.72) | 0.12 (−0.40 to 0.64) | 0.06 (−0.54 to 0.66) | ||
Third quartile | −0.32 (−0.95 to 0.31) | −0.49 (−1.16 to 0.18) | −0.56 (−1.39 to 0.27) | ||
Highest quartile | 0.17 (−0.52 to 0.87) | 0.03 (−0.75 to 0.82) | 0.06 (−0.95 to 1.07) | ||
F, df=3 (P) | 1.3 (0.27) | 1.6 (0.20) | 1.7 (0.17) | ||
Percentage of minority residents** †† | |||||
Lowest quartile | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
Second quartile | 0.54 (0.02 to 1.06) | 0.45 (−0.07 to 0.97) | 0.61 (0.07 to 1.16) | 0.66 (0.09 to 1.23) | |
Third quartile | 0.66 (−0.06 to 1.37) | 0.48 (−0.31 to 1.26) | 0.71 (−0.08 to 1.50) | 0.88 (0.01 to 1.74) | |
Highest quartile | 0.19 (−0.63 to 1.01) | −0.07 (−1.00 to 0.86) | 0.14 (−0.79 to 1.07) | 0.32 (−0.66 to 1.31) | |
F, df=3 (P) | 2.0 (0.12) | 1.7 (0.16) | 2.6 (0.05) | 2.5 (0.06) | |
Respondent/Family | |||||
Age, per year** | −0.08 (−0.17 to 0.00) | −0.08 (−0.16 to 0.01) | |||
Male sex | −4.95 (−5.62 to −4.29) | −4.94 (−5.61 to -4.27) | −4.95 (−5.62 to −4.28) | ||
Race or ethnicity | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||
Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 0.83 (−0.13 to 1.80) | 0.38 (−0.68 to 1.43) | 0.41 (−0.73 to 1.55) | ||
Hispanic or Latino | 0.18 (−0.72 to 1.09) | 0.17 (−0.84 to 1.18) | 0.19 (−0.87 to 1.25) | ||
Other | 2.58 (0.97 to 4.19) | 2.22 (0.61 to 3.84) | 2.22 (0.58 to 3.86) | ||
F, df=3 (P) | 3.9 (0.01) | 2.6 (0.05) | 2.5 (0.06) | ||
Family affluence | |||||
Low | 0.51 (−0.44 to 1.45) | 0.60 (−0.33 to 1.53) | 0.59 (−0.35 to 1.54) | ||
Moderate | −0.09 (−0.95 to 0.77) | 0.13 (−0.72 to 0.98) | 0.13 (−0.71 to 0.98) | ||
High | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||
F, df=2 (P) | 1.1 (0.35) | 1.0 (0.38) | 0.9 (0.40) |
*Each variable is modelled separately, adjusted only for respondent age.
†Each neighbourhood characteristic is analysed in a separate regression adjusted for respondent-level and family-level covariates.
‡Income inequality and median household income are modelled separately, each adjusted for respondent-level/family-level and neighbourhood-level covariates.
§Income inequality and median household income are modelled simultaneously, adjusted for respondent-level/family-level and neighbourhood-level covariates.
¶All neighbourhood, respondent-level and family-level characteristics are entered simultaneously into a single model.
**Age and neighbourhood characteristics are modelled as time-varying.
††All neighbourhood measures at each wave were standardised to a mean of 0 and SD of 1 in all US census tracts.