Table 1

Participant characteristics, REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke, M (SD) or N (%)

OverallVery Car-DependentCar-DependentSomewhat WalkableVery
Walkable/Walker’s Paradise
P value*
(n=7561)(n=4115)(n=1892)(n=1027)(n=527)
M (SD)/%M (SD)/%M (SD)/%M (SD)/%M (SD)/%
Age (years)63.4 (8.5)63.1 (8.3)64.0 (8.7)63.6 (8.8)63.7 (8.8)<0.0001
Sex0.0196
 Male45.447.146.340.338.0
 Female54.652.953.759.762.0
Neighbourhood SES<0.0001
 High neighbourhood SES33.337.032.024.127.1
 Mid neighbourhood SES33.433.532.034.634.7
 Low neighbourhood SES33.329.532.041.338.1
Race<0.0001
 White68.579.062.551.741.6
 Black31.521.037.548.358.4
Region<0.0001
 Non-Belt45.232.451.763.785.8
 Belt54.867.648.336.314.2
Education0.0002
 College graduate and above45.045.742.944.248.4
 Some college26.626.327.228.023.0
 High school graduate22.422.523.321.020.9
 Less than high school6.15.46.76.77.8
Income<0.0001
 US$75k and above22.324.320.119.919.7
 US$35k–US$74k35.136.833.932.930.0
 US$20k–US$34k21.920.223.424.424.5
 Less than US$20k10.78.512.413.715.6
 Refused10.010.210.29.110.2
Marital status<0.0001
 Married67.175.761.854.043.6
 Single1.72.55.26.815.4
 Divorced12.79.115.318.221.1
 Widowed13.911.716.117.915.0
 Other4.71.01.53.04.9
Self-rated health0.0057
 Excellent22.323.521.418.922.0
 Very good36.338.233.734.933.4
 Good31.929.535.034.234.7
 Fair8.37.49.110.78.2
 Poor1.21.40.81.41.7
Urban group<0.0001
 Urban72.654.891.495.8100.0
 Mixed12.719.95.53.80.0
 Rural14.625.43.10.40.0
Body mass index†0.2598
 Underweight0.91.01.00.61.1
 Normal26.426.926.325.026.0
 Overweight38.940.337.437.236.2
 Obese33.831.935.437.236.6
Moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day)‡13.6 (17.9)14.2 (17.8)12.4 (17.3)12.2 (17.4)15.7 (21.3)<0.0001
Total physical activity (min/day)§204.1 (85.6)212.7 (85.2)198.0 (87.6)188.8 (84.5)188.2
(89.6)
<0.0001
  • *P value from χ2 test for categorical variables and a one-way ANOVA for continuous variables.

  • †Normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; obese: >30.0 kg/m2.

  • ‡All accumulated activity counts greater than 1065 cpm.

  • §All accumulated activity counts greater than 50 cpm.

  • SES, socioeconomic status.