Low SES at age 8 (n=10 756) | Stable low group | Educational upward trajectory | PTE | Material upward trajectory | PTE | Educational and material upward trajectory | PTE |
Low education +Low SES in adulthood | High education +Low SES in adulthood | Low education +High SES in adulthood | High education +High SES in adulthood | ||||
N (%) | 5960 (55.4) | 1377 (12.8) | 1443 (13.4) | 1976 (18.4) | – | ||
All-cause mortality | |||||||
N of deaths, death rate (%) | 509 (8.5) | 49 (3.6) | 149 (10.3) | 115 (5.8) | |||
Model 1=age, sex and marital status | −1- | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) | – | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | – | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) | – |
Model 1+health conditions | −1- | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | Null | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | Null | 0.64 (0.47–0.86) | Null |
Model 1+behavioural factors | −1- | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | Null | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | Null | 0.65 (0.48–0.88) | 2.0% (0.0% to 51.2%; p=0.30) |
Model 1+traditional CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 9.1% (0.0% to 98.6%; p=0.34) | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | Null | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) | Null |
Model 1+inflammatory biomarkers | −1- | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 51.1% (0.0% to 100%; p=0.0050) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | Null | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) | 9.7% (3.6% to 23.9%; p=0.0018) |
Model 1+novel CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | Null | 0.92 (0.68–1.26) | Null | 0.65 (0.48–0.89) | 3.9% (0.0% to 80.2%; p=0.33) |
Cardiovascular mortality | |||||||
N of deaths, death rate (%) | 189 (3.2) | 16 (1.2) | 54 (3.7) | 38 (1.9) | |||
Model 1=age, sex and marital status | −1- | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | – | 0.97 (0.56–1.66) | – | 0.59 (0.34–1.02) | – |
Model 1+health conditions | −1- | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | Null | 0.93 (0.54–1.60) | Null | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | 6.2% (0.2% to 73.0%; p=0.28) |
Model 1+behavioural factors | −1- | 0.98 (0.57–1.69) | Null | 0.96 (0.56–1.65) | Null | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 4.0% (0.3% to 36.8%; p=0.20) |
Model 1+traditional CVD risk factors | −1- | 1.02 (0.60–1.75) | Null | 0.95 (0.55–1.62) | Null | 0.59 (0.34–1.02) | Null |
Model 1+inflammatory biomarkers | −1- | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | Null | 0.96 (0.55–1.65) | Null | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | 6.3% (1.0% to 30.1%; p=0.085) |
Model 1+novel CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.98 (0.55–1.71) | Null | 0.89 (0.50–1.56) | Null | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | 10.7% (0.4% to 78.0%; p=0.25) |
Cancer mortality | |||||||
N of deaths, death rate (%) | 173 (2.9) | 19 (1.4) | 62 (4.3) | 43 (2.2) | |||
Model 1=age, sex and marital status | −1- | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) | – | 1.21 (0.75–1.97) | – | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | – |
Model 1+health conditions | −1- | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | Null | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) | 6.2% (0.0% to 94.9%; p=0.34) | 0.66 (0.41–1.07) | Null |
Model 1+behavioural factors | −1- | 0.88 (0.54–1.43) | Null | 1.19 (0.74–1.94) | 8.4% (0.3% to 74.8%;p=0.17) | 0.67 (0.42–1.09) | Null |
Model 1+traditional CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) | Null | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) | 4.0% (0.0% to 78.6%; p=0.29) | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | Null |
Model 1+inflammatory biomarkers | −1- | 0.95 (0.58–1.54) | 43% (0.0% to 100%; p=0.009) | 1.19 (0.74–1.93) | 9.2% (0.3% to 76.1%; p=0.15) | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) | 11.5% (2.3% to 41.8%; p=0.0063) |
Model 1+novel CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | Null | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) | 24.8% (0.8% to 93.2%; p=0.036) | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | Null |
Mortality from other causes | |||||||
N of deaths, death rate (%) | 147 (2.5) | 14 (1.0) | 33 (2.3) | 34 (1.7) | |||
Model 1=age, sex and marital status | −1- | 0.88 (0.49–1.57) | – | 0.76 (0.43–1.36) | – | 0.64 (0.36–1.15) | – |
Model 1+health conditions | −1- | 0.86 (0.48–1.54) | Null | 0.74 (0.42–1.33) | Null | 0.65 (0.36–1.16) | 3.3% (0.1% to 50.6%; p=0.26) |
Model 1+behavioural factors | −1- | 0.87 (0.49–1.57) | Null | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) | Null | 0.67 (0.37–1.20) | 8.6% (1.2% to 41.3%; p=0.054) |
Model 1+traditional CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.87 (0.49–1.57) | Null | 0.74 (0.42–1.33) | Null | 0.64 (0.36–1.15) | Null |
Model 1+inflammatory biomarkers | −1- | 0.91 (0.51–1.64) | 27.7% (0.1% to 99.6%; p=0.042) | 0.78 (0.43–1.40) | 7.0% (0.3% to 69.4%; p=0.18) | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) | 12.0% (2.2% to 45.2%; p=0.0051) |
Model 1+novel CVD risk factors | −1- | 0.85 (0.47–1.53) | Null | 0.70 (0.39–1.27) | Null | 0.67 (0.37–1.20) | 8.2% (0.3% to 71.5%; p=0.24) |
HR with 95% CI.
Health conditions include presence at baseline of CVD, cancer, drugs for diabetes, lipid-lowering medication, drugs for hypertension, psychological assessment.
Behavioural factors include adherence to Mediterranean diet, smoking status, physical activity and abdominal obesity.
Traditional markers of CVD risk include total blood cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL; logarithm), blood glucose (mg/dL; logarithm), systolic BP (mm Hg), diastolic BP (mm Hg).
Inflammatory biomarkers of CVD risk include C-reactive protein (mg/dL; logarithm), white blood cell count (x109/L; logarithm).
Novel biomarkers of CVD risk include N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP; logarithm), high-sensitivity assayed Troponin I (hsTnI; logarithm), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA), apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), Lipoprotein a (Lp(a), markers of renal function (Cystatin C, Creatinine; logarithm), markers of cardiometabolic risk (Insulin, C-peptide; logarithm) and Vitamin D.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; Null, not mediating the effect; PTE, per cent of exposure effect with 95% CI and p values; SES, socioeconomic status.