Table 3

Associations between weekly work hours and depressive symptoms

	Men						Women
	(1) Age		(2)+SEP+health†		(3)+mediators‡		(1) Age		(2)+SEP+health†		(3)+mediators‡
	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI
Work schedule (reference: 35–40 hours/week
<35 hours/week	0.41*	0.05 to 0.77	0.29	−0.06 to 0.65	0.25	−0.07 to 0.58	0.04	−0.22 to 0.29	−0.06	−0.33 to 0.21	−0.07	−0.33 to 0.19
41–54 hours/week	−0.15	−0.39 to 0.09	−0.10	−0.35 to 0.14	0.04	−0.19 to 0.27	0.18	−0.17 to 0.53	0.20	−0.14 to 0.55	0.26	−0.05 to 0.57
≥55 hours/week	−0.03	−0.38 to 0.32	−0.002	−0.36 to 0.35	0.24	−0.10 to 0.58	0.73*	0.04 to 1.41	0.76*	0.08 to 1.43	0.75*	0.12 to 1.39
Age (continuous)
Age	0.23***	0.18 to 0.27	0.21***	0.16 to 0.27	0.15***	0.10 to 0.20	0.17***	0.12 to 0.22	0.18***	0.11 to 0.24	0.12***	0.05 to 0.18
Age2	−0.003***	−0.003 to -0.002	−0.003***	−0.003 to -0.002	−0.002***	−0.002 to -0.001	−0.002***	−0.003 to -0.001	−0.002***	−0.003 to -0.001	−0.001***	−0.002 to -0.001
Marital status (reference: married)
Single/never married			−0.05	−0.40 to 0.31	−0.03	−0.37 to 0.31			0.20	−0.18 to 0.59	0.02	−0.35 to 0.39
Separated/divorced/widowed			0.24	−0.20 to 0.69	0.14	−0.26 to 0.55			0.66***	0.30 to 1.02	0.21	−0.13 to 0.54
Children in household (reference: none)
0–4 years			−0.30	−0.63 to 0.03	−0.17	−0.49 to 0.14			0.25	−0.13 to 0.63	0.29	−0.07 to 0.66
5–9 years			−0.02	−0.44 to 0.40	0.03	−0.36 to 0.42			−0.14	−0.55 to 0.27	−0.017	−0.40 to 0.37
10–15 years			0.20	−0.17 to 0.57	0.28	−0.07 to 0.62			0.12	−0.24 to 0.48	0.24	−0.09 to 0.58
Education attainment (reference: degree)
A level			−0.18	−0.48 to 0.12	−0.21	−0.50 to 0.08			0.07	−0.25 to 0.38	0.003	−0.30 to 0.30
GCSE			−0.51***	−0.81 to -0.21	−0.46**	−0.74 to -0.18			0.21	−0.12 to 0.53	0.20	−0.11 to 0.50
Other qualification			−0.50**	−0.87 to -0.12	−0.46*	−0.82 to -0.11			0.38	−0.11 to 0.86	0.35	−0.10 to 0.80
No qualifications			−0.75**	−1.27 to -0.24	−0.57*	−1.06 to -0.08			−0.24	−0.81 to 0.32	−0.14	−0.67 to 0.40
NS-SEC (reference: manager/professional)
Intermediate			0.03	−0.27 to 0.33	0.06	−0.22 to 0.35			−0.18	−0.48 to 0.12	−0.30*	−0.59 to 0.01
Routine			−0.27	−0.55 to 0.02	−0.51***	−0.81 to -0.21			−0.12	−0.46 to 0.22	−0.31	−0.65 to 0.03
Equivalised household income (reference: 5th quintile)
4th quintile			0.34*	0.05 to 0.62	−0.06	−0.34 to 0.21			0.18	−0.13 to 0.48	−0.12	−0.40 to 0.16
3rd quintile			0.44**	0.12 to 0.76	−0.13	−0.43 to 0.17			0.002	−0.33 to 0.33	−0.50**	−0.81 to -0.19
2nd quintile			0.66***	0.30 to 1.02	−0.13	−0.49 to 0.22			0.55**	0.15 to 0.95	−0.17	−0.55 to 0.20
1st quintile (lowest)			0.93***	0.43 to 1.42	0.25	−0.21 to 0.71			0.70**	0.17 to 1.24	−0.01	−0.50 to 0.48
Smoker status (reference: non-smoker)
Ex-smoker			0.20	−0.03 to 0.43	0.15	−0.06 to 0.37			0.36**	0.11 to 0.60	0.18	−0.05 to 0.41
Smoker			0.71***	0.43 to 1.00	0.44**	0.17 to 0.70			1.06***	0.73 to 1.39	0.66***	0.35 to 0.97
Chronic illness (reference: none diagnosed)
Diagnosed condition			0.67***	0.38 to 0.97	0.55***	0.28 to 0.83			0.76***	0.43 to 1.09	0.54***	0.24 to 0.85
Income satisfaction (reference: satisfied)
Neutral					0.87***	0.55 to 1.20					1.43***	1.09 to 1.78
Dissatisfied					2.42***	2.15 to 2.68					2.75***	2.47 to 3.02
Job physicality (reference: not at all physical)
Not very physical					0.22	−0.03 to 0.47					0.23	−0.07 to 0.53
Fairly physical					0.53***	0.23 to 0.83					0.23	−0.10 to 0.56
Very physical					0.41*	0.03 to 0.79					0.48*	0.08 to 0.87
Job satisfaction (reference: satisfied)
Neutral					1.16***	0.80 to 1.53					1.81***	1.33 to 2.29
Dissatisfied					2.40***	2.04 to 2.76					2.91***	2.52 to 3.30
Work autonomy (continuous)
Work autonomy					−0.08**	−0.10 to -0.05					−0.06***	−0.08 to -0.03
Constant	5.51***	4.47 to 6.56	5.53***	4.34 to 6.72	6.53***	5.35 to 7.72	7.62***	6.47 to 8.77	6.82***	5.36 to 8.28	7.45***	6.02 to 8.88

Survey weights are applied.
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
†Model is adjusted for age, age2, marital status, children in household, education attainment, NS-SEC, equivalised household income, smoker status and chronic illness.
‡Model is also adjusted for income satisfaction, job physicality, job satisfaction, and work autonomy.
Coef, ß coefficient; NS-SEC, National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification.