Unadjusted mean depressive symptoms for work arrangements and covariates for men and women
| Temporal work patterns | Men | Women |
| Mean GHQ-12 (95% CI) | Mean GHQ-12 (95% CI) | |
| Weekly work hours (hours/week) | ||
| <35 | 10.1 (9.7 to 10.5) | 11.1 (10.9 to 11.2) |
| 35–40† | 10.1 (9.9 to 10.3) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.2) |
| 41–54 | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.2) | 11.2 (10.9 to 11.5) |
| ≥55 | 10.1 (9.8 to 10.4) | 11.8 (11.1 to 12.4)* |
| Weekend work | ||
| No weekends† | 9.9 (9.8 to 10.1) | 10.9 (10.7 to 11.1) |
| Some weekends | 10.1 (10.0 to 10.3) | 11.1 (10.9 to 11.3) |
| Most/all weekends | 10.1 (9.9 to 10.4) | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.8)*** |
| Covariates | ||
| Age (years) | ||
| 16–34 | 9.8 (9.6 to 9.9)*** | 10.8 (10.6 to 11.1)** |
| ≥35† | 10.2 (10.1 to 10.3) | 11.2 (11.1 to 11.3) |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 9.8 (9.5 to 10.0)* | 11.0 (10.7 to 11.3) |
| Married† | 10.1 (10.0 to 10.2) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.1) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 10.5 (10.0 to 10.9) | 11.9 (11.5 to 12.2)*** |
| Children in the household | ||
| None† | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.1) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.1) |
| Aged 0–4 years | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.2) | 11.2 (10.9 to 11.5) |
| Aged 5–9 years | 10.4 (10.1 to 10.8)* | 11.0 (10.7 to 11.4) |
| Aged 10–15 years | 10.6 (10.3 to 11.0)*** | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.8)** |
| Educational attainment | ||
| Degree (or higher)† | 10.3 (10.1 to 10.4) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.1) |
| A levels (or equivalent) | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.3) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.3) |
| GCSEs (or equivalent) | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.1)** | 11.3 (11.1 to 11.6)* |
| Other qualification | 10.0 (9.7 to 10.3) | 11.5 (11.1 to 11.9)* |
| No qualifications | 9.7 (9.3 to 10.2)* | 10.8 (10.3 to 11.3) |
| NS-SEC occupations | ||
| Managerial/professional† | 10.2 (10.0 to 10.3) | 11.1 (10.9 to 11.3) |
| Intermediate | 10.2 (10.0 to 10.5) | 10.9 (10.7 to 11.2) |
| Routine | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0)** | 11.2 (10.9 to 11.4) |
| Equivalised household income | ||
| 1st quintile | 10.6 (10.2 to 11.0)** | 11.7 (11.4 to 12.2)*** |
| 2nd quintile | 10.3 (10.0 to 10.5)* | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.8)*** |
| 3rd quintile | 10.1 (9.8 to 10.3) | 10.9 (10.7 to 11.2) |
| 4th quintile | 10.1 (9.9 to 10.3) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.3) |
| 5th quintile (highest amount)† | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.1) | 10.9 (10.7 to 11.1) |
| Chronic illness: | ||
| Not diagnosed† | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.1) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.1) |
| Diagnosed | 10.5 (10.3 to 10.8)*** | 11.7 (11.4 to 12.0)*** |
| Smoker status: | ||
| Non-smoker† | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) | 10.7 (10.5 to 10.9) |
| Ex-smoker | 10.0 (9.9 to 10.2) | 11.1 (10.9 to 11.3)*** |
| Smoker | 10.5 (10.2 to 10.7)*** | 11.9 (11.6 to 12.2)*** |
| Psychosocial work conditions | ||
| Satisfaction with income | ||
| Satisfied† | 9.1 (9.0 to 9.3) | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.1) |
| Neutral satisfaction | 10.2 (9.9 to 10.5)*** | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.9)*** |
| Dissatisfied | 12.0 (11.8 to 12.3)*** | 13.1 (12.9 to 13.4)*** |
| Job physicality: | ||
| Not at all physical† | 9.7 (9.5 to 9.9) | 11.0 (10.7 to 11.3) |
| Not very physical | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.2)* | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.2) |
| Fairly physical | 10.4 (10.1 to 10.6)*** | 11.1 (10.8 to 11.3) |
| Very physical | 10.5 (10.2 to 10.8)*** | 11.4 (11.1 to 11.7)* |
| Job satisfaction | ||
| Satisfied† | 9.5 (9.3 to 9.6) | 10.5 (10.3 to 10.6) |
| Neutral satisfaction | 11.2 (10.8 to 11.5)*** | 12.7 (12.2 to 13.2)*** |
| Dissatisfied | 12.6 (12.3 to 13.0)*** | 14.0 (13.6 to 14.3)*** |
† Denotes reference category. Means are weighted.
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; NS-SEC, National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification.