Table 3

Assessing covariate balance before and after matching using two-sample t-tests

	USA (NHIS 2003–2014)						Canada (CCHS 2003–2014)
	Employed			Unemployed			Employed			Unemployed
	Unmatched	Calliper	Kernel	Unmatched	Calliper	Kernel	Unmatched	Calliper	Kernel	Unmatched	Calliper	Kernel
Age (years)	−4.34***	−0.36	−0.37	−5.58***	−0.17	−0.85	0.17	−1.75	−0.41	2.28*	−1.01	−0.05
Female	10.89***	−0.88	0.29	8.41***	−1.39	0.15	5.30***	−0.25	−0.55	−1.54	−0.22	−0.43
Household type
Single				−11.71***	0.44	−0.45	8.11***	−0.03	0.71	5.41***	−0.26	0.2
Couple	−22.90***	0.14	−1.45	−7.41***	−0.51	−0.38	−8.01***	−0.99	−0.3	−3.63***	0.15	−0.08
Single with children	21.08***	−0.63	0.26	15.59***	−1.17	0.23	15.33***	0.98	0.01	4.90***	0	0.04
Couple with children	5.25***	0.55	0.72	3.41***	1.17	0.26	−16.61***	−0.58	−0.81	−10.02***	0.27	−0.3
Number of children (0–18 years old)	17.54***	−0.32	−0.06	15.14***	0.04	0.06
Number of children (0–5 years old)							1.52	−0.35	0.13	3.20**	1.8	0.16
Number of children (6–11 years old)							0.83	−0.25	−0.61	2.65**	0.78	0.3
Race
White	−7.30***	−0.65	−0.34	−6.42***	0.35	−0.33	4.05***	−1.89	−0.05	3.33**	0.21	−0.04
Black	7.57***	−0.83	−0.01	5.91***	0.47	−0.09
Aboriginal	1.81	−0.58	0.39	0.8	0.5	0.05	9.73***	1.36	0.24	4.20***	−1.49	−0.91
Asian	−3.96***	0.33	−0.92	−1.52	−1.11	0.27
Hispanic	1.93	1.07	0.29	1.05	−0.5	0.27
Other or mixed	2.98**	2.15*	1.27	−0.71	0	0.15	−10.86***	1.15	0.2	−7.55***	1.3	1.03
Immigrant	4.16	0.25	−0.19	3.46***	0.36	0.07	−12.98***	0.78	−0.33	−8.43***	1.66	1.31
Education
Postsecondary degree	−8.24***	−1.2	−0.84	−4.59***	0	−0.48	−10.83***	0.55	−0.2	−8.60***	−1.7	−0.36
Some postsecondary	−0.09	2.13*	0.73	−1.22	1.02	0.4	−1.96	−1.61	−1.28	1.17	−0.58	−0.86
Secondary	0.1	−1.7	−0.63	−1.18	−0.19	−0.32	−1.9	1	0.69	−3.13**	1.02	0.55
Less than secondary	5.58***	0.09	0.23	4.84***	−0.71	0.11	12.94***	0.43	0.73	7.69***	0.62	0.54
Adjusted household income							−1.49	−1.67	−0.81	−4.10***	−0.27	−0.19
Urban							3.01**	−0.05	0.15	−0.37	−0.44	−0.55
Health insurance coverage	10.15***	−0.34	0.29	15.33***	0.62	0.38
Home owner	−9.49***	0.38	−0.31	−7.53***	0.11	−0.37	−29.42***	0.96	−0.28	−17.31***	0.59	0.31
Part-time employment	5.93***	0.54	−0.13				25.60***	0.48	0.79
Mental health problem	5.13***	−1.22	−0.41	1.16	0.64	0.13	18.58***	0.26	0.22	5.87***	−0.89	−0.4
Region
Northeast (USA)/Atlantic (CA)	3.56***	1.36	0.13	5.65***	−1.36	0.15	5.41***	0.66	0.53	2.70**	−0.47	−0.11
Midwest (USA)/Prairies (CA)	0.64	−0.43	0.02	1.88	0.4	−0.56	−4.81***	2.99**	0.12	−1.14	−0.44	−0.67
South (USA)/Quebec (CA)	−11.20***	−1.09	−0.51	−10.50***	−0.07	−0.35	5.66***	−1.36	0.2	8.40***	−0.31	1.24
West (USA)/Ontario (CA)	9.16***	0.32	0.33	5.68***	0.88	0.7	−0.97	−0.81	−0.64	−4.23***	0.97	−0.93
British Columbia (CA)							−3.89***	−1.04	−0.04	−6.34***	0.06	0.34

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey.