Influence of having a chronic disease and the onset of a chronic disease on different types of societal participation (individuals n=21 875; countries n=17)
| Having paid work | Having volunteer activities | Informal caregiving | ||||
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Having a chronic disease | ||||||
| Crude model | 0.65 | 0.59 to 0.73 | 0.90 | 0.85 to 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 |
| Adjusted model* | 0.69 | 0.67 to 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.91 to 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.00 to 1.07 |
| Final model† | 0.69 | 0.67 to 0.71 | 0.92 | 0.88 to 0.97 | 1.05 | 1.01 to 1.08 |
| Onset of a chronic disease | ||||||
| Crude model | 0.76 | 0.72 to 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.92 to 1.09 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.10 |
| Adjusted model* | 0.91 | 0.87 to 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.00 to 1.15 |
| Final model† | 0.91 | 0.86 to 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.89 to 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.01 to 1.16 |
Numbers depicted in bold are statistically significant (p<0.05).
*Adjusted models were adjusted for demographic factors (gender, age, education and marital status).
†Final models were adjusted for demographic factors and two other forms of societal participation.
RR, relative risk.