Transitions to more restrictive parking policies | Participants (n) | Transition periods (t) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
Percentage difference (95% CI) | P values | Percentage difference (95% CI) | P values | Percentage difference (95% CI) | P values | Percentage difference (95% CI) | P values | Percentage difference (95% CI) | P values | |||
Trips exclusively by motor vehicle | ||||||||||||
Stable free parking | 359 | 603 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Free parking to paid or no parking | 51 | 66 | −8.0 (−16.5 to 0.4) | 0.062 | −7.9 (−16.4 to 0.5) | 0.065 | −5.0 (−11.9 to 1.8) | 0.151 | −4.3 (−11.2 to 2.7) | 0.228 | −3.7 (−10.8 to 3.5) | 0.316 |
Stable paid parking | 232 | 431 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Paid parking to no parking | 21 | 36 | −6.7 (−17.4 to 3.9) | 0.219 | −7.6 (−18.1 to 2.9) | 0.157 | −2.0 (−15.3 to 11.3) | 0.769 | −2.3 (−14.7 to 10.1) | 0.711 | −2.5 (−15.1 to 10.1) | 0.697 |
Trips that involved walking and/or cycling | ||||||||||||
Stable free parking | 359 | 603 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Free parking to paid or no parking | 51 | 66 | 8.2 (−1.9 to 18.3) | 0.11 | 9.4 (−0.9 to 19.7) | 0.074 | 1.6 (−6.6 to 10.0) | 0.695 | 1.3 (−6.9 to 9.4) | 0.76 | 0.6 (−7.4 to 8.6) | 0.878 |
Stable paid parking | 232 | 431 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Paid parking to no parking | 21 | 36 | 6.1 (−6.3 to 18.6) | 0.336 | 6.6 (−7.1 to 20.4) | 0.344 | 0.7 (−12.2 to 13.7) | 0.912 | 0.5 (−12.3 to 13.2) | 0.942 | 0.3 (−12.4 to 13.0) | 0.965 |
Trips that involved public transport | ||||||||||||
Stable free parking | 359 | 603 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Free parking to paid or no parking | 51 | 66 | −7.8 (−5.7 to 4.2) | 0.760 | −0.9 (−5.5 to 3.8) | 0.716 | −0.2 (−4.7 to 4.4) | 0.947 | −0.2 (−4.8 to 4.4) | 0.940 | −0.2 (−4.9 to 4.5) | 0.925 |
Stable paid parking | 232 | 431 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Paid parking to no parking | 21 | 36 | 0.4 (−12.6 to 13.3) | 0.956 | 0.1 (−11.4 to 13.4) | 0.878 | −0.4 (−12.3 to 11.5) | 0.948 | −0.6 (−12.4 to 11.3) | 0.927 | 0.7 (−11.2 to 12.5) | 0.911 |
Model 1: adjusted for the proportion of trips before transition by each respective commute mode.
Model 2: as model 1, plus age (before transition), season (before and after transition), education (before transition) and home ownership (before transition).
Model 3: as model 2, plus car access (before transition), commute distance (before transition), Theory of Planned Behaviour (before transition) and perceptions of the environment (before transition).
Model 4: as model 3, plus mental and physical health component scores (before transition).
Model 5: as model 4, plus change to work address and change to home address.