Preterm birth rate and rate ratios for each time period by nativity, race/ethnicity and ancestry, New York City, 1 September 2015 to 31 August 2017
| Total births (n) | Preterm births (n) | PTB rate (%) | Time period 1: during campaign, before US presidential nominations | Time period 2: nomination to inauguration | Time period 3: post-inauguration | Rate ratio (time period 2/time period 1) and 95% CI | Rate ratio (time period 3/time period 1) and 95% CI | |||
| Rate (%) | Rate (%) | Rate (%) | Rate ratio | 95% CI | Rate ratio | 95% CI | ||||
| Population (n) | 230 105 | 16 331 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.00 to 1.07 |
| Nativity | ||||||||||
| US born | 110 510 | 8164 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.97 to 1.07 |
| Foreign born | 119 456 | 8150 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 1.03 | 0.98 to 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.01 to 1.11 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 65 799 | 5126 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 0.97 | 0.91 to 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.01 to 1.13 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 40 488 | 2656 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 1.00 | 0.91 to 1.10 | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.11 |
| White non-Hispanic | 77 874 | 3902 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 1.07 | 0.98 to 1.15 | 1.01 | 0.94 to 1.08 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 42 774 | 4410 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 0.98 | 0.91 to 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.11 |
| Other | 3004 | 218 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 1.18 | 0.85 to 1.64 | 1.08 | 0.80 to 1.45 |
| Ancestry | ||||||||||
| MENA (travel ban+rest of MENA) | 7270 | 344 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 1.12 | 0.86 to 1.47 | 1.07 | 0.85 to 1.36 |
| MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh | 8058 | 384 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 1.02 | 0.79 to 1.32 | 1.08 | 0.86 to 1.34 |
| Travel ban | 2405 | 113 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 1.01 | 0.61 to 1.65 | 1.03 | 0.69 to 1.54 |
| Rest of MENA | 4865 | 231 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 1.18 | 0.85 to 1.62 | 1.09 | 0.81 to 1.46 |
| Mexico and Central America | 17 156 | 1289 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 0.98 | 0.85 to 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.01 to 1.28 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 5841 | 407 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 1.13 | 0.89 to 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.84 to 1.30 |
| Caribbean | 45 237 | 3892 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.98 to 1.13 |
| North America other than USA | 483 | 22 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 1.34 | 0.45 to 4.02 | 1.48 | 0.58 to 3.76 |
| USA | 49 157 | 4084 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.09 |
| South America | 14 320 | 1081 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 1.00 | 0.86 to 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.92 to 1.20 |
| Rest of Asia excluding MENA | 41 714 | 2623 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 1.00 | 0.91 to 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.92 to 1.09 |
| Europe | 27 072 | 1323 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 1.10 | 0.96 to 1.26 | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.16 |
| Oceania | 324 | 18 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 0.53 | 0.15 to 1.83 | 0.35 | 0.10 to 1.21 |
| Jewish or Hebrew | 10 354 | 440 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 1.04 | 0.82 to 1.32 | 0.84 | 0.68 to 1.04 |
| Nativity and ethnicity | ||||||||||
| US born | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 28 380 | 2451 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 0.98 | 0.89 to 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.97 to 1.15 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 4581 | 291 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 0.93 | 0.69 to 1.24 | 0.95 | 0.74 to 1.23 |
| White non-Hispanic | 52 686 | 2700 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.05 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 22 975 | 2570 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 0.92 | 0.83 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.96 to 1.13 |
| Other | 1800 | 142 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 1.17 | 0.78 to 1.76 | 1.16 | 0.80 to 1.66 |
| Ancestry | ||||||||||
| Travel ban | 350 | 10 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 0.53 | 0.06 to 4.55 | 1.13 | 0.31 to 4.14 |
| Rest of MENA | 527 | 19 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 0.87 | 0.24 to 3.25 | 1.42 | 0.54 to 3.72 |
| Mexico and Central America | 3917 | 283 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 0.99 | 0.73 to 1.34 | 1.14 | 0.88 to 1.46 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 170 | 17 | 10.0 | 5.9 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 2.74 | 0.78 to 9.65 | 1.92 | 0.60 to 6.12 |
| Caribbean | 21 155 | 1899 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 0.96 | 0.85 to 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.95 to 1.16 |
| North America other than USA | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | – | – | – | – |
| USA | 44 147 | 3614 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.05 | 1.01 | 0.94 to 1.09 |
| South America | 2566 | 186 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 1.13 | 0.78 to 1.62 | 1.40 | 1.02 to 1.92 |
| Rest of Asia excluding MENA | 4367 | 269 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 0.92 | 0.68 to 1.25 | 0.93 | 0.71 to 1.21 |
| Europe | 15 456 | 818 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 1.00 | 0.83 to 1.19 | 1.01 | 0.86 to 1.17 |
| Oceania | 46 | 4 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0 | – | 0.47 | 0.05 to 4.36 |
| Jewish or Hebrew | 8977 | 383 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 0.98 | 0.76 to 1.26 | 0.75 | 0.59 to 0.94 |
| MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh | 1012 | 34 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 4.5 | 0.64 | 0.22 to 1.91 | 1.43 | 0.71 to 2.90 |
| Foreign born | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 37 405 | 2673 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 0.96 | 0.87 to 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.99 to 1.17 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 35 899 | 2364 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 1.01 | 0.91 to 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.13 |
| White non-Hispanic | 25 132 | 1200 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 1.18 | 1.03 to 1.37 | 1.12 | 0.98 to 1.27 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 19 778 | 1835 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 1.07 | 0.96 to 1.20 | 1.04 | 0.94 to 1.15 |
| Other | 1204 | 76 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 5.7 | 1.19 | 0.69 to 2.05 | 0.91 | 0.54 to 1.54 |
| MENA | 7995 | 417 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 1.09 | 0.85 to 1.39 | 1.10 | 0.89 to 1.36 |
| Seven countries in travel ban | 2495 | 131 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 1.06 | 0.67 to 1.68 | 1.12 | 0.77 to 1.63 |
| Rest of MENA | 5500 | 286 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 1.10 | 0.82 to 1.47 | 1.08 | 0.83 to 1.40 |
| Mexico + Central America | 13 414 | 1022 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 0.99 | 0.85 to 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.01 to 1.31 |
| Caribbean | 26 293 | 2227 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.13 | 1.08 | 0.98 to 1.18 |
| South America | 12 845 | 1014 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 1.01 | 0.86 to 1.17 | 1.03 | 0.90 to 1.18 |
| North America other than USA and Mexico and Central America | 1270 | 66 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 1.90 | 1.09 to 3.31 | 1.04 | 0.58 to 1.86 |
| Europe | 12 546 | 568 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 1.17 | 0.96 to 1.43 | 0.97 | 0.80 to 1.17 |
| Oceania | 491 | 22 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 0.97 | 0.31 to 3.02 | 1.04 | 0.42 to 2.59 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 7380 | 513 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 1.07 | 0.87 to 1.33 | 1.05 | 0.87 to 1.28 |
| Asia (not including MENA) | 37 079 | 2285 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.95 to 1.14 |
| MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh | 8030 | 418 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 1.08 | 0.85 to 1.39 | 1.10 | 0.89 to 1.36 |
Categories employed for maternal nativity, race/ethnicity and ancestry:
– Maternal race/ethnicity, ancestry and nativity data were reported at the time of birth by the mother. Maternal race/ethnicity was categorised using race and ancestry, categorised as White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic.16 Hispanic ethnicity includes persons of Hispanic origin based on ancestry reported on the birth certificate, regardless of reported race. Black, White and Asian/Pacific Islander race categories do not include persons of Hispanic origin. For the ancestry question, mothers are able to specify the ancestry group in an open text field. Maternal nativity is categorised as born in the USA (US born) and born outside the USA. If mothers indicate that they were born outside the USA, they can specify their country of birth in a text field.
– Women who may be at risk for anti-Muslim discrimination were categorised based on ancestry and/or country of birth. The travel ban group captured any women whose reported country of birth or ancestry was included in the original seven-country travel ban (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Sudan, Libya and Somalia). MENA group captured women whose reported country of birth or ancestry included any country belonging to the MENA region as designated by the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen).17 MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh group attempts to capture those women who were born in MENA countries or identified a MENA ancestry or specified an ancestry of Arab, Kurd, Muslim or Sikh (with this last group included because even though Sikhs are not Muslims, they have experienced anti-Muslim attacks on account of their appearance).18
MENA, Middle Eastern and North African; PTB, preterm birth.