Table 2

Multivariable associations between factors included in model 2 and language disability, overweight/obese and socioemotional behavioural problems at age 11

Model 2*
Outcomes to age 11	Cognitive language disability		Physical overweight/obese		Behavioural socioemotional problems
Predictors	Relative risk (95% CI)	SDS/Ranking†	Relative risk (95% CI)	SDS/Ranking†	Relative risk (95% CI)	SDS/Ranking†
Mother ethnicity		0.017/10		0.006/11		0.005/17
White	Ref		Ref		Ref
Mixed	0.99 (0.50 to 1.95)		0.77 (0.53 to 1.10)		1.74 (0.96 to 3.15)
Indian	0.37 (0.19 to 0.71)		1.25 (0.94 to 1.67)		0.86 (0.44 to 1.67)
Pakistani	1.13 (0.70 to 1.85)		1.32 (1.04 to 1.68)		0.94 (0.54 to 1.63)
Bangladeshi	1.64 (0.96 to 2.82)		1.12 (0.79 to 1.59)		0.98 (0.48 to 1.98)
Black	0.73 (0.43 to 1.25)		1.34 (1.13 to 1.58)		1.23 (0.74 to 2.03)
Other	0.61 (0.25 to 1.47)		0.81 (0.56 to 1.17)		0.36 (0.12 to 1.04)
Mother’s age at birth		0.020/9		0.002/14		0.003/7
14–19 years old	1.16 (0.77 to 1.74)		0.87 (0.73 to 1.05)		1.37 (0.98 to 1.91)
20–24 years old	1.27 (0.92 to 1.73)		0.93 (0.82 to 1.05)		1.48 (1.11 to 1.97)
25–29 years old	1.02 (0.75 to 1.40)		0.90 (0.81 to 1.01)		1.26 (0.99 to 1.62)
30–34 years old	1.05 (0.78 to 1.43)		0.97 (0.87 to 1.07)		1.01 (0.79 to 1.30)
≥35 years old	Ref		Ref		Ref
Language spoke at home		0.026/8		0.001/15		0.010/14
Only English	Ref		Ref		Ref
English and additional language	0.64 (0.43 to 0.95)		0.98 (0.84 to 1.13)		0.70 (0.48 to 1.02)
Not English	0.61 (0.39 to 0.95)		0.93 (0.72 to 1.21)		0.37 (0.18 to 0.75)
Parents employment status		0.142/2		0.015/5		0.064/4
Both parents in work	Ref		Ref		Ref
One parent in work	1.13 (0.90 to 1.51)		1.08 (0.90 to 1.12)		0.89 (0.91 to 1.54)
Neither parent in work	1.98 (1.12 to 4.18)		1.32 (0.96 to 1.41)		1.93 (1.19 to 2.32)
Deprivation-IMD		0.068/5		0.020/4		0.026/9
1 quintile- highest	Ref		Ref		Ref
2 quintiles	1.45 (0.98 to 2.22)		1.13 (0.97 to 1.31)		0.84 (0.60 to 1.19)
3 quintiles	1.66 (1.12 to 2.45)		1.14 (0.99 to 1.31)		1.03 (0.75 to 1.41)
4 quintiles	1.57 (1.07 to 2.31)		1.15 (1.00 to 1.33)		1.40 (1.04 to 1.88)
5 quintile- lowest	1.84 (1.28 to 2.66)		1.23 (1.06 to 1.42)		1.10 (0.81 to 1.49)
Child gender		0.009/14		0.013/6		0.023/11
Male	Ref		Ref		Ref
Female	1.30 (1.10 to 1.54)		1.15 (1.06 to 1.24)		0.71 (0.60 to 0.83)
Child birth weight		0.008/16		0.001/17		0.001/20
Normal (≥2.5 to ≤4.5 kg)	Ref		Ref		Ref
Low (<2.5 kg)	0.92 (0.65 to 1.30)		1.00 (0.84 to 1.20)		1.19 (0.88 to 1.62)
High (>4.5 kg)	1.19 (0.71 to 1.99)		1.10 (0.83 to 1.34)		0.70 (0.33 to 1.48)
Gestational age		0.001/22		0.001/16		0.001/23
Term, 37–41 weeks	Ref		Ref		Ref
Preterm, 23 to 36 weeks	1.50 (1.03 to 2.17)		1.00 (0.85 to 1.19)		1.01 (0.70 to 1.45)
Post-term, 42– 43 weeks	0.79 (0.59 to 1.05)		1.10 (1.00 to 1.22)		0.97 (0.78 to 1.21)
Smoking in pregnancy		0.017/11		0.026/3		0.067/2
None	Ref		Ref		Ref
1–10 cigarettes/day	1.01 (0.78 to 1.31)		1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)		1.18 (0.98 to 1.43)
11–20 cigarettes/day	0.94 (0.63 to 1.41)		1.34 (1.14 to 1.57)		1.63 (1.24 to 2.13)
>20 cigarettes/day	1.71 (1.04 to 2.28)		1.38 (1.04 to 1.83)		1.31 (0.83 to 2.05)
Alcohol consumption in pregnancy		0.016/12		0.010/7		0.004/19
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.94 (0.75 to 1.16)		0.88 (0.81 to 0.95)		0.95 (0.80 to 1.14)
Breastfeeding initiation		0.029/7		0.008/8		0.004/18
Yes	Ref		Ref		Ref
No	1.05 (0.87 to 1.27)		1.00 (0.91 to 1.10)		0.94 (0.81 to 1.10)
Maternal depression or anxiety		0.009/15		0.007/9		0.071/6
No Yes	Ref 1.08 (0.90 to 1.30)		Ref 1.06 (0.98 to 1.16)		Ref 1.33 (1.13 to 1.57)
Type of delivery		0.001/19		0.002/12		0.001/22
Normal Assisted (forceps, vacuum, breach)	Ref 1.17 (0.80 to 1.70)		Ref 0.90 (0.79 to 1.01)		Ref 1.00 (0.71 to 1.40)
Planned caesarean	1.18 (0.88 to 1.58)		1.06 (0.93 to 1.20)		0.81 (0.63 to 1.04)
Emergency caesarean	1.03 (0.80 to 1.34)		0.99 (0.89 to 1.11)		1.07 (0.86 to 1.32)
Other	1.10 (0.26 to 4.61)		0.82 (0.47 to 1.43)		1.17 (0.57 to 2.37)
Mother BMI before born		0.007/17		0.291/2		0.017/12
Normal	Ref		Ref		Ref
Overweight/obese	1.26 (1.05 to 1.52)		1.85 (1.70 to 2.00)		1.32 (1.13 to 1.53)
Mother disability or illness		0.004/21		0.006/10		0.025/10
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.88 (0.72 to 1.07)		1.07 (0.98 to 1.17)		1.26 (1.08 to 1.46)
Hearing problems age 3		0.008/20		0.001/23		0.007/16
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.93 (0.64 to 1.36)		1.12 (0.97 to 1.29)		1.10 (0.83 to 1.46)
Concern about child’s speech age 3		0.043/6		0.001/21		0.066/3
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.60 (1.23 to 2.08)		1.01 (0.90 to 1.15)		1.59 (1.30 to 1.95)
Understands child’s speech age 3		0.108/3		0.001/20		0.046/5
Always	Ref		Ref		Ref
Sometimes	0.97 (0.64 to 1.47)		0.75 (0.57 to 0.98)		0.88 (0.60 to 1.30)
Rarely	2.16 (1.35 to 3.46)		1.10 (0.68 to 1.76)		1.08 (0.63 to 1.85)
Walkup steps age 3		0.011/13		0.002/13		0.010/15
Yes	Ref		Ref		Ref
With help	1.00 (0.57 to 1.76)		0.79 (0.59 to 1.07)		1.07 (0.73 to 1.57)
No	1.67 (1.08 to 2.58)		1.28 (1.00 to 1.63)		1.27 (0.86 to 1.88)
Child disability or illness age 3		0.004/18		0.001/22		0.031/8
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.09 (0.87 to 1.35)		0.96 (0.88 to 1.05)		1.36 (1.16 to 1.60)
Naming vocabulary disability age 3		0.362/1		0.001/19		0.015/13
No language disability	Ref		Ref		Ref
Language disability	2.51 (1.95 to 3.23)		0.98 (0.86 to 1.13)		1.10 (0.83 to 1.45)
SDQ age 3		0.094/4		0.001/18		0.502/1
No related problems	Ref		Ref		Ref
Behavioural problems	1.39 (1.12 to 1.72)		0.98 (0.87 to 1.10)		2.68 (2.22 to 3.23)
BMI age 3		0.001/23		0.589/1		0.001/21
Normal weight	Ref		Ref		Ref
Overweight/obese	0.92 (0.73 to 1.17)		2.47 (2.28 to 2.67)		1.05 (0.88 to 1.27)
Hosmer-Lemeshow/p values‡	5.19/0.737		4.65/0.794		14.42/0.071

MCS, 2001–2012, UK (imputed data, n=10 262).
*Model 2 includes information collected in maternity services in England plus correspondent factors assessed in MCS at age 3 that are collected on 2.5-year-old health check in England.
†SDS and weighted ranking of predictive risk variables.
‡Calibration analyses.
BMI, body mass index; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; MCS, Millennium Cohort Study; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDS, Standardised Dominance Statistic.