Table 2

Transitions to less restrictive workplace parking policies and differences in expected proportions of trips to work by commute mode

Transitions to less restrictive parking policiesParticipants
(n)		Transition periods
(t)		Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5
Percentage difference
(95% CI)		P valuesPercentage difference
(95% CI)		P valuesPercentage difference
(95% CI)		P valuesPercentage difference
(95% CI)		P valuesPercentage difference
(95% CI)		P values
Trips exclusively by motor vehicle
 Stable no parking206340ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 No parking to free or paid parking8510515.5 (8.5 to 22.5)<0.00115.8 (8.9 to 22.7)<0.00112.5 (7.2 to 17.8)<0.00113.2 (8.1 to 18.3)<0.00111.4 (6.4 to 16.3)<0.001
 Stable paid parking233431ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Paid parking to free parking16272.3 (−10.3 to 15.0)0.7174.6 (−7.1 to 16.3)0.44212.6 (−2.5 to 27.6)0.10214.2 (−0.5 to 29.0)0.05912.3 (−2.9 to 27.5)0.114
Trips that involved walking and/or cycling
 Stable no parking206340ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 No parking to free or paid parking85105−18.6 (−25.7 to 11.5)<0.001−17.7 (−24.6 to 10.8)<0.001−14.7 (−21.4 to 8.0)<0.001−15.4 (−22.1 to 8.6)<0.001−13.3 (−20.2 to 6.4)<0.001
 Stable paid parking233431ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Paid parking to free parking16272.3 (−10.7 to 15.8)0.7021.0 (−12.0 to 14.0)0.881−11.8 (−26.6 to 3.0)0.117−13.0 (-27.6 to 1.6)0.082−12.7 (−27.7 to 2.3)0.096
Trips that involved public transport
 Stable no parking206340ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 No parking to free or paid parking85105−6.8 (−12.0 to 1.5)0.011−6.8 (−11.9 to 1.7)0.009−6.2 (−11.1 to 1.3)0.013−6.4 (−11.3 to 1.6)0.009−5.8 (−10.6 to 0.9)0.020
 Stable paid parking233431ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Paid parking to free parking1627−8.3 (−15.4 to 1.2)0.021−8.5 (−16.8 to 0.2)0.044−7.4 (−16.4 to 1.7)0.112−7.2 (−15.7 to 1.4)0.102−6.3 (−14.6 to 2.1)0.141

  • Model 1: adjusted for the proportion of trips before transition by each respective commute mode.

  • Model 2: as model 1, plus age (before transition), season (before and after transition), education (before transition) and home ownership (before transition).

  • Model 3: as model 2, plus car access (before transition), commute distance (before transition), Theory of Planned Behaviour (before transition) and perceptions of the environment (before transition).

  • Model 4: as model 3, plus mental and physical health component scores (before transition).

  • Model 5: as model 4, plus change to work address and change to home address.