Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristic | Golf (n=53) | Control (n=53) | P values |
| Age, mean±SD, years | 70.1±4.0 | 70.7±4.7 | 0.474 |
| Men, n (%) | 28 (52.8) | 29 (54.7) | 0.846 |
| Educational level, mean±SD, years | 12.8±2.8 | 13.7±2.6 | 0.089 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Stroke | 5 (9.4) | 1 (1.9) | 0.093 |
| Mild to moderate habitual exercise, n (%) | 26 (49.1) | 26 (49.1) | 1.000 |
| Cognitive functions, mean±SD | |||
| Mini-mental State Examination, score | 28.4±1.8 | 28.7±1.4 | 0.398 |
| NCGG-FAT | |||
| Immediate word memory, score | 8.1±1.3 | 8.2±1.3 | 0.706 |
| Delayed word memory, score | 8.0±1.4 | 8.3±1.8 | 0.363 |
| Composite word memory, score | 16.1±2.4 | 16.4±2.8 | 0.458 |
| Immediate logical memory, score | 7.5±1.7 | 7.7±1.8 | 0.475 |
| Delayed logical memory, score | 7.3±1.8 | 7.6±1.5 | 0.362 |
| Composite logical memory, score | 14.8±3.5 | 15.3±3.2 | 0.404 |
| Trail Making Test (Part A), s | 21.1±5.9 | 20.3±5.9 | 0.491 |
| Trail Making Test (Part B) s | 36.4±15.3 | 37.8±17.8 | 0.666 |
| Symbol Digit Substitution Test, score | 45.3±10.4 | 47.7±10.2 | 0.234 |
| Physical functions, mean±SD | |||
| Grip strength, kg | 28.7±9.8 | 28.0±8.3 | 0.682 |
| Walking speed, m/s | 1.3±0.2 | 1.3±0.2 | 0.772 |
| Psychological tests, mean±SD | |||
| Geriatric Depression Scale, score (4*) | 2.5±2.4 | 2.5±2.0 | 0.964 |
Independent samples t-test or χ2 tests were used to compare baseline characteristics.
*Number of missing values.
NCGG-FAT, National Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool.