Mean difference (95% CI) between baseline and postintervention values | Time | Group | Group×time | ||
Golf (n=53) | Control (n=53) | P values | P values | P values | |
MMSE, score | 0.19 (−0.28 to 0.66) | −0.31 (−0.8 to 0.18) | 0.723 | 0.962 | 0.149 |
Immediate word memory, score | 0.26 (−0.01 to 0.54) | 0.22 (−0.07 to 0.52) | 0.019 | 0.725 | 0.839 |
Delayed word memory, score | 0.15 (−0.37 to 0.67) | 0.17 (−0.36 to 0.71) | 0.387 | 0.206 | 0.950 |
Composite word memory, score | 0.42 (−0.27 to 1.1) | 0.41 (−0.31 to 1.12) | 0.103 | 0.364 | 0.983 |
Immediate logical memory, score | 0.74 (0.23 to 1.24) | −0.06 (−0.58 to 0.47) | 0.066 | 0.577 | 0.033 |
Delayed logical memory, score | 0.93 (0.45 to 1.4) | 0 (−0.5 to 0.5) | 0.009 | 0.566 | 0.009 |
Composite logical memory, score | 1.66 (0.73 to 2.59) | −0.06 (−1.03 to 0.92) | 0.021 | 0.561 | 0.013 |
Trail Making Test (Part A), s | 0.64 (− 1.54 to 2.83) | 1.65 (−0.63 to 3.93) | 0.153 | 0.809 | 0.528 |
Trail Making Test (Part B), s | 0.42 (−2.85 to 3.68) | −0.45 (−3.89 to 2.99) | 0.989 | 0.758 | 0.719 |
Digit symbol Substitution Test, score | 2.6 (0.62 to 4.59) | 1.23 (−0.87 to 3.32) | 0.010 | 0.37 | 0.346 |
Grip strength, kg | 0.85 (0.04 to 1.67) | 1.26 (0.40 to 2.13) | 0.001 | 0.763 | 0.494 |
Walking speed, m/s | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.05 (0 to 0.10) | 0.26 | 0.555 | 0.073 |
GDS, score | −0.67 (−1.14 to −0.20) | −0.37 (−0.86 to 0.11) | 0.003 | 0.792 | 0.389 |
GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.