Table 1

Health-related studies using synthetic control methodology

Date	First author (reference)	Exposure	Outcome	Treated unit(s)	Donor pool
Health finance and health systems reform
2016	Ryan4	Pay for performance	Mortality	UK	Other high-income countries
2015	Mas (unpublished)	Healthcare integration	Healthcare efficiency measures	Spanish integrated healthcare unit	Spanish non-integrated healthcare units
2015	Lepine5	User fee removal	Healthcare utilisation	Treated Zambian regions	Untreated Zambian regions
2015	Kreif6	Pay for performance	Risk adjusted mortality	Treated UK hospitals	Untreated UK hospitals
2015	Machado7	Levels of health insurance	Infertility levels	States with strong infertility mandates	States with weak infertility mandates
2015	Roy8	Health reform	Sources of health insurance	Insured Massachusetts Population	Uninsured Massachusetts population
2014	Courtemanche9	Levels of health insurance	Self-reported health	Massachusetts	Untreated US states
2014	Dunn10	Health reform	Physician payments	Massachusetts	Untreated US states
2014	Tuzemen11	Health reform	Non-insurance rate	Massachusetts	Untreated US states
2013	Lo12	Income levels	Substitution of public/private insurance	Illinois	Untreated US states
Industry regulation
2016	Quast13	Registration of sex workers	Incidence of sexually transmitted disease	Tijuana, Mexico	Untreated Mexican regions
2015	Restrepo14	Trans fat ban	Heart disease mortality	Treated counties in New York	Untreated counties in New York
2014	Sampaio15	Mobile phone ban	Road accidents	New York state	Untreated US states
2014	Restrepo16	Trans fat ban	Heart disease mortality	Denmark	Other OECD countries
2014	Green17	Alcohol licencing hours	Road accidents	England and Wales	Scottish regions
2014	Wang18	Pasteurisation of milk	Child mortality	Treated US cities	Untreated US cities
2014	Cunningham19	Decriminalisation of indoor prostitution	Incidence of sexually transmitted disease	Rhode Island, USA	Untreated US states/cities
Taxation policy
2016	Berardi20	Tax on sugary drinks	Price of affected drink categories	Prices of sugary drinks in France	Other drink categories in France
2016	Grogger21	Tax on sugary drinks	Price of other drink categories	Prices of sugary drinks in Mexico	Other drink categories in Mexico
2016	Chelwa22	Tax on cigarettes	Cigarette sales	South Africa	Untreated low-income and middle-income countries
2015	Bilgel23	Tax breaks for organ donors	Live organ donations	New York State	Untreated US states
2015	Fletcher24	Tax on sugary drinks	Changes in BMI	Arkansas, Ohio	Untreated US states
2010	Abadie2	Tax on cigarettes	Cigarette sales	California	Untreated US states
Legal changes
2015	Zabinski25	Medical malpractice liability	Patient safety measures	Texas, Florida, Illinois, South Carolina, Georgia	Untreated US states
2015	Crifasi26	Hand gun laws	Suicide rates	Connecticut, Missouri	Untreated US states
2015	Cunningham27	Drug laws	Drug seizures	Mississippi	Untreated US states
2015	Powell28	Legalisation of marijuana	Overdoses from painkillers	US states with medical marijuana law	US states without medical marijuana law
Development and barriers to development
2015	Alavuotunki29	General Budget Support (GBS)	Neonatal mortality	Countries in receipt of GBS	Countries from the region of the treated country not in receipt of GBS
2015	Karlsson30	HIV prevalence	Demographic outcomes	Countries in Africa with high HIV prevalence	Countries in Africa with low HIV prevalence
2014	Pereda31	Climate change	Dengue risk	Brazilian cities with high dengue risk	Brazilian cities with low dengue risk
2014	Peiters32	Political transition	Child mortality	Countries which became democratic	Countries that remained autocratic
Nutrition interventions
2015	Qian33	School food programme	BMI	Treated schools in Arkansas, US	Untreated schools in Arkansas, USA
2014	Bauhoff34	School food programme	BMI	Treated school districts in California, US	Untreated school district in California, USA
2013	Kiesel35	Better food labelling	Product sales	Treated US supermarkets	Untreated US supermarkets
Welfare reforms
2016	Chung36	Money transfer	Birth weights	Alaska	Untreated US states
2016	Oloomi37	Paid family leave	Infant health outcomes	California	Untreated US states
2016	Basu38	Welfare reforms	Healthcare utilisation	Single mothers in the USA	Married mothers and single women in the USA
2015	Grossman39	Urban empowerment zones (UEZs)	Fertility and mental health outcomes	UEZ in Chicago, New York and Philadephia	Unsuccessful applicants for UEZ status in US cities

BMI, body mass index; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.