Socioeconomic inequalities in child vaccination coverage in 46 low/middle-income countries
| Country | Code | The Concentration index | |||
| Total | Urban | Rural | Urban-rural | ||
| Low-income countries (LIC) | |||||
| Bangladesh | BD | 0.248 (0.179 to 0.318) | 0.209 (0.118 to 0.3) | 0.262 (0.185 to 0.34) | −0.054 (−0.174 to 0.066) |
| Benin | BJ | 0.091 (0.052 to 0.131) | 0.082 (0.021 to 0.144) | 0.08 (0.033 to 0.126) | 0.003 (−0.075 to 0.08) |
| Burkina Faso | BF | 0.134 (0.084 to 0.184) | 0.05 (−0.032 to 0.132) | 0.149 (0.097 to 0.201) | −0.099 (−0.196 to −0.001) |
| Burundi | BI | 0.031 (−0.02 to 0.083) | 0.048 (−0.173 to 0.269) | 0.027 (−0.027 to 0.081) | 0.021 (−0.206 to 0.248) |
| Cambodia | KH | 0.296 (0.236 to 0.357) | 0.304 (0.163 to 0.444) | 0.264 (0.198 to 0.33) | 0.04 (−0.115 to 0.195) |
| Comoros | KM | 0.232 (0.158 to 0.306) | 0.111 (−0.013 to 0.236) | 0.28 (0.195 to 0.365) | −0.169 (−0.319 to −0.018) |
| Congo Democratic Republic | CD | 0.19 (0.147 to 0.234) | 0.238 (0.172 to 0.304) | 0.153 (0.1 to 0.205) | 0.085 (0.001 to 0.169) |
| Ethiopia | ET | 0.22 (0.159 to 0.281) | 0.41 (0.316 to 0.505) | 0.115 (0.053 to 0.178) | 0.295 (0.181 to 0.408) |
| Gambia | GM | −0.146 (−0.223 to −0.069) | −0.071 (−0.166 to 0.024) | 0.087 (0.021 to 0.153) | −0.158 (−0.273 to −0.043) |
| Guinea | GN | 0.122 (0.063 to 0.181) | 0.041 (−0.055 to 0.137) | 0.104 (0.047 to 0.161) | −0.063 (−0.175 to 0.049) |
| Haiti | HT | 0.046 (−0.008 to 0.099) | 0.069 (−0.003 to 0.14) | 0.076 (0.009 to 0.142) | −0.007 (−0.105 to 0.091) |
| Liberia | LR | 0.191 (0.126 to 0.256) | 0.127 (0.045 to 0.209) | 0.21 (0.156 to 0.263) | −0.082 (−0.18 to 0.015) |
| Malawi | MW | 0.029 (−0.011 to 0.068) | −0.004 (−0.088 to 0.081) | 0.086 (0.051 to 0.121) | −0.09 (−0.182 to 0.001) |
| Mali | ML | 0.129 (0.076 to 0.181) | 0.039 (−0.032 to 0.109) | 0.112 (0.049 to 0.174) | −0.073 (−0.168 to 0.021) |
| Mozambique | MZ | 0.197 (0.147 to 0.246) | 0.018 (−0.077 to 0.113) | 0.197 (0.145 to 0.25) | −0.179 (−0.288 to −0.071) |
| Nepal | NP | 0.227 (0.116 to 0.338) | 0.359 (0.221 to 0.498) | 0.219 (0.094 to 0.343) | 0.141 (−0.046 to 0.327) |
| Niger | NE | 0.253 (0.217 to 0.288) | 0.094 (0.021 to 0.168) | 0.212 (0.174 to 0.25) | −0.117 (−0.2 to −0.034) |
| Rwanda | RW | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Sierra Leone | SL | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Tajikistan | TJ | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Tanzania | TZ | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Togo | TG | 0.023 (−0.037 to 0.082) | 0.156 (0.082 to 0.23) | −0.07 (−0.132 to −0.008) | 0.226 (0.129 to 0.323) |
| Uganda | UG | 0.066 (0.02 to 0.112) | 0.031 (−0.072 to 0.134) | 0.034 (−0.016 to 0.083) | −0.003 (−0.117 to 0.112) |
| Zimbabwe | ZW | 0.171 (0.116 to 0.226) | 0.134 (0.05 to 0.218) | 0.15 (0.088 to 0.212) | −0.016 (−0.12 to 0.088) |
| Lower middle-income countries (lMIC) | |||||
| Armenia | AM | −0.017 (−0.144 to 0.11) | −0.009 (−0.171 to 0.153) | −0.129 (−0.288 to 0.031) | 0.12 (−0.108 to 0.347) |
| Cameroon | CM | 0.273 (0.217 to 0.329) | 0.156 (0.096 to 0.216) | 0.26 (0.188 to 0.331) | −0.103 (−0.197 to −0.01) |
| Congo Brazzaville | CG | 0.146 (0.088 to 0.204) | 0.036 (−0.045 to 0.118) | 0.147 (0.081 to 0.213) | −0.111 (−0.215 to −0.006) |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CI | 0.154 (0.094 to 0.214) | 0.158 (0.076 to 0.24) | 0.038 (−0.031 to 0.107) | 0.12 (0.012 to 0.227) |
| Egypt | EG | 0.096 (0.03 to 0.163) | 0.079 (0.001 to 0.156) | 0.218 (0.084 to 0.351) | −0.139 (−0.293 to 0.015) |
| Ghana | GH | 0.122 (0.063 to 0.181) | 0.041 (−0.055 to 0.137) | 0.104 (0.047 to 0.161) | −0.063 (−0.175 to 0.049) |
| Honduras | HN | −0.026 (−0.08 to 0.027) | 0.078 (−0.011 to 0.166) | 0.013 (−0.06 to 0.085) | 0.065 (−0.05 to 0.18) |
| Indonesia | ID | 0.263 (0.23 to 0.296) | 0.182 (0.135 to 0.229) | 0.282 (0.238 to 0.325) | −0.1 (−0.163 to −0.036) |
| Kenya | KE | 0.191 (0.126 to 0.256) | 0.127 (0.045 to 0.209) | 0.21 (0.156 to 0.263) | −0.082 (−0.18 to 0.015) |
| Kyrgyz Republic | KG | −0.227 (−0.304 to −0.15) | −0.239 (−0.357 to −0.121) | −0.167 (−0.264 to −0.07) | −0.072 (−0.225 to 0.081) |
| Nigeria | NG | 0.547 (0.517 to 0.577) | 0.295 (0.244 to 0.346) | 0.564 (0.507 to 0.62) | −0.269 (−0.345 to −0.193) |
| Pakistan | PK | 0.384 (0.326 to 0.442) | 0.207 (0.127 to 0.288) | 0.431 (0.368 to 0.494) | −0.223 (−0.326 to −0.121) |
| Philippines | PH | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Senegal | SN | 0.167 (0.103 to 0.23) | 0.147 (−0.036 to 0.331) | 0.107 (0.042 to 0.172) | 0.041 (−0.154 to 0.235) |
| Yemen | YE | 0.34 (0.299 to 0.381) | 0.192 (0.126 to 0.259) | 0.245 (0.19 to 0.3) | −0.053 (−0.14 to 0.033) |
| Zambia | ZM | 0.15 (0.113 to 0.187) | 0.175 (0.112 to 0.237) | 0.088 (0.048 to 0.128) | 0.087 (0.013 to 0.161) |
| Upper middle-income countries (uMIC) | |||||
| Colombia | CO | 0.036 (0.005 to 0.067) | 0.015 (−0.021 to 0.052) | 0.12 (0.069 to 0.172) | −0.105 (−0.168 to −0.042) |
| Dominican Republic | DO | 0.096 (0.03 to 0.163) | 0.079 (0.001 to 0.156) | 0.218 (0.084 to 0.351) | −0.139 (−0.293 to 0.015) |
| Gabon | GA | 0.024 (−0.049 to 0.097) | 0.009 (−0.074 to 0.092) | 0.215 (0.08 to 0.35) | −0.206 (−0.364 to −0.047) |
| Jordan | JO | 0.148 (−0.023 to 0.32) | 0.097 (−0.115 to 0.308) | 0.3 (0.098 to 0.502) | −0.204 (−0.496 to 0.089) |
| Namibia | NA | −0.093 (−0.145 to −0.041) | −0.029 (−0.102 to 0.044) | 0.033 (−0.03 to 0.096) | −0.062 (−0.159 to 0.035) |
| Peru | PE | −0.009 (−0.053 to 0.035) | 0.021 (−0.028 to 0.07) | −0.121 (−0.209 to −0.034) | 0.142 (0.042 to 0.243) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.161 (0.131; 0.066 to 0.197) | 0.154 (0.141; 0.056 to 0.197) | 0.163 (0.171; 0.027 to 0.198) | 0.004 (0.049; −0.023 to 0.026) | |
95% CIs in parentheses.