ECDI z-score
(n = 85 372)		Low adult illiteracy
(n=50 163)		High adult illiteracy
(n=34 474)		Low gender inequality
(n=32 177)		High gender inequality
(n=44 264)		Low infant mortality
(n=50 847)		High infant mortality
(n=34 351)		Low food insecurity
(n=20 022)		High food insecurity
(n=38 800)
Maternal education
 Primary0.09***
(0.07 to 0.12)		0.14***
(0.11 to 0.16)		0.18***
(0.14 to 0.21)		0.06***
(0.04 to 0.08)		0.10***
(0.08 to 0.13)		0.14***
(0.11 to 0.16)		0.16***
(0.10 to 0.22)		0.15***
(0.12 to 0.17)
 Secondary or higher0.24***
(0.21 to 0.27)		0.41***
(0.37 to 0.44)		0.36***
(0.32 to 0.40)		0.21***
(0.18 to 0.24)		0.26***
(0.23 to 0.29)		0.38***
(0.34 to 0.42)		0.34***
(0.28 to 0.40)		0.39***
(0.35 to 0.42)
Paternal education
 Primary0.08***
(0.05 to 0.12)		0.07***
(0.04 to 0.10)		0.10***
(0.06 to 0.14)		0.06***
(0.03 to 0.09)		0.06***
(0.03 to 0.09)		0.11***
(0.08 to 0.14)		0.12**
(0.05 to 0.18)		0.07***
(0.05 to 0.10)
 Secondary or higher0.15***
(0.11 to 0.19)		0.15***
(0.12 to 0.18)		0.18***
(0.14 to 0.23)		0.13***
(0.10 to 0.16)		0.14***
(0.11 to 0.17)		0.17***
(0.13 to 0.20)		0.20***
(0.13 to 0.26)		0.15***
(0.12 to 0.18)

  • *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

  • ECDI, Early Childhood Development Index; HAZ, height-for-age z-score.