Sample characteristics (n=89 663)
| Variables | % | 95% CI |
| Male child | 50.9 | (50.6 to 51.2) |
| Age of child in months (sample range from 36 to 59 months), mean (SD) | 47.2 (6.9) | |
| Maternal education | ||
| None | 29.7 | (29.1 to 30.3) |
| Primary | 32.0 | (31.5 to 32.5) |
| Secondary or higher | 38.3 | (37.7 to 38.8) |
| Paternal education | ||
| None | 22.2 | (21.7 to 22.7) |
| Primary | 30.7 | (30.3 to 31.1) |
| Secondary or higher | 47.1 | (46.6 to 47.6) |
| Martial status | ||
| Currently married/in union | 99.4 | (99.3 to 99.4) |
| Formerly married/in union | 0.4 | (0.4 to 0.5) |
| Never married/in union | 0.2 | (0.2 to 0.2) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||
| 15–19 | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.5) |
| 20–24 | 16.6 | (16.4 to 16.9) |
| 25–29 | 28.9 | (28.5 to 29.2) |
| 30–34 | 24.6 | (24.3 to 24.9) |
| 35–39 | 17.2 | (17.0 to 17.5) |
| 40–44 | 8.5 | (8.3 to 8.7) |
| 45–49 | 2.8 | (2.7 to 2.9) |
| Wealth quintile | ||
| Poorest | 20.7 | (20.2 to 21.2) |
| Poor | 20.6 | (20.3 to 21.0) |
| Middle | 19.6 | (19.2 to 19.9) |
| Rich | 18.3 | (18.0 to 18.7) |
| Richest | 20.8 | (20.3 to 21.2) |
| Rural residence | 64.0 | (63.3 to 64.7) |
| Child outcomes | ||
| ECDI z-scores, mean (SD) | 0.0 (1.0) | |
| HAZ, mean (SD) | −1.39 (1.5) | |
| WAZ, mean (SD) | −0.89 (1.3) | |
| WHZ, mean (SD) | −0.07 (1.3) | |
ECDI, Early Childhood Development Index; HAZ, height-for-age z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age z-score; WHZ, weight-for-height z-score.