Table 2

Associations between maternal and paternal education and children’s HAZ, WAZ, WHZ and ECDI z-scores

HAZ (n=77 289)WAZ (n=77 944)WHZ (n=77 103)ECDI z-scores (n=85 372)
Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2
Maternal education
 Primary0.21***
(0.18 to 0.24)		0.17***
(0.14 to 0.20)		0.16***
(0.13 to 0.18)		0.13***
(0.10 to 0.15)		0.04**
(0.01 to 0.06)		0.03*
(0.01 to 0.06)		0.16***
(0.14 to 0.18)		0.13***
(0.11 to 0.15)
 Secondary or higher0.52***
(0.49 to 0.56)		0.37***
(0.33 to 0.41)		0.37***
(0.34 to 0.40)		0.25***
(0.23 to 0.28)		0.06***
(0.03 to 0.09)		0.04*
(0.01 to 0.07)		0.44***
(0.42 to 0.46)		0.31***
(0.29 to 0.34)
Paternal education
 Primary0.13***
(0.10 to 0.17)		0.11***
(0.08 to 0.15)		0.12***
(0.10 to 0.15)		0.11***
(0.08 to 0.13)		0.05**
(0.02 to 0.08)		0.05**
(0.02 to 0.08)		0.11***
(0.09 to 0.13)		0.09***
(0.07 to 0.11)
 Secondary or higher0.32***
(0.28 to 0.35)		0.20***
(0.16 to 0.24)		0.23***
(0.20 to 0.26)		0.15***
(0.12 to 0.18)		0.05**
(0.02 to 0.08)		0.04*
(0.00 to 0.07)		0.25***
(0.23 to 0.27)		0.16***
(0.14 to 0.18)

  • *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

  • ECDI, Early Childhood Development Index; HAZ, height-for-age z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age z-score; WHZ, weight-for-height z-score.