Characteristics and results of included studies on incidence and progression of CKD
| Author (year) | Country | Design/settings | Sample size | Age (year) | Duration (years) | Indicators | Criteria for CKD and ESRD |
| Included studies on the association between SES and incidence of CKD | |||||||
| Al-Qaoud et al (2011)24 | UK | Cross-sectional/population | 5533 | 65.6 | – | Occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—EPI |
| Amato et al (2005)53 | Mexico | Cross-sectional/population | 3564 | 47 | – | Income/education/occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—CG/BSA |
| Choi et al (2011)37 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 61 457 | 54 | – | Education | GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m3 |
| Chudek et al (2014)48 | Poland | Cross-sectional/population | 3797 | ≥65 | – | Income/education/occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—EPI; ACR>30 mg/g |
| Crews et al (2010)36 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 2375 | 48.3 | – | Combined | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Fisher et al (2008)38 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 12 947 | – | – | Income | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—MDRD |
| Flessner et al (2009)35 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 3431 | 52.7 | – | Income/education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—EPI; ACR>30 mg/g |
| Fraser et al (2014)49 | England | Cross-sectional/population | 13 065 | – | – | Income | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Kim et al (2015)39 | Korea | Cross-sectional/population | 45 208 | – | – | Income/education/occupation | GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Lin et al (2013)40 | Taiwan | Cross-sectional/population | 3352 | 47.5 | – | Income/education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria |
| Liu et al (2012)41 | China | Cross-sectional/population | 1214 | 49.4 | – | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria |
| Martins et al (2006)56 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 14 484 | – | – | Income | ACR>300 mg/day (>200 µg/min) |
| Seck et al (2014)42 | Senegal | Cross-sectional/population | 1037 | 47.9 | – | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2— MDRD; albuminuria >1 g/L |
| Seck et al (2014)34 | Senegal | Cross-sectional/population | 1036 | 48.0 | – | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Singh et al (2009)81 | India | Cross-sectional/population | 3155 | 40.1 | – | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—CG/BSA |
| So et al (2015)17 | Scotland | Cross-sectional/population | 313 639 | 50.0 | – | SES | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—MDRD |
| Tamrat et al (2015)57 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 462 | 47.3 | – | Income | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Vart et al (2013)52 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 6428 | 47.3 | – | Income/education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—EPI; AER>30 mg/24 hours; ACR>30 mg/g |
| Vart et al (2013)52 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional/population | 7983 | 48.9 | – | Income/education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—EPI; AER>30 mg/24 hours; ACR>30 mg/g |
| Vart et al (2015)15 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 9823 | 49.0 | – | Combined | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or ACR>30 mg/day |
| White et al (2008)43 | USA | Cross-sectional/population | 9098 | – | – | Income/education/occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—MDRD |
| White et al (2008)43 | Australia | Cross-sectional/population | 9329 | – | – | Income/education/occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—MDRD |
| White et al (2008)43 | Thailand | Cross-sectional/population | 5063 | – | – | Income/education/occupation | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2—MDRD |
| Wolf et al (2011)14 | Germany | Cross-sectional/hospital | 825 | 62.9 | – | Combined | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Xue et al (2014)44 | China | Cross-sectional/hospital | 14 399 | 49.0 | – | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Hsieh et al (2012)45 | Taiwan | Case–control/hospital | 424 | 66.8 | 3.5 | Education | GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or with proteinuria |
| Fored et al (2003)25 | Sweden | Case–control/population | 1924 | 57.6 | 2 | Occupation/education | Male (Scr≥300 μmol/L), female (Scr≥250 µmol/L) |
| Su et al (2015)46 | Taiwan | Case–control/hospital | 10 463 | 57.0 | 2.5 | Income | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or with proteinuria |
| Bruce et al (2010)8 | USA | Cohort/population | 3430 | 54.3 | 3.5 | Income/education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or with proteinuria |
| Drey et al (2003)54 | Britain | Cohort/population | 1076 | – | 6 | Combined | Scr≥150 μmol/L |
| Guessous et al (2014)50 | Switzerland | Cohort/population | 4441 | 52.6 | 5 | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or with proteinuria |
| Shoham et al (2008)55 | USA | Cohort/population | 15 792 | 53.6 | 15 | Income/occupation | eGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or hospital discharge diagnosis |
| Tohidi et al (2012)26 | Iran | Cohort/population | 3313 | 39.7 | 9.9 | Education | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Included studies on the association between SES and progression of CKD | |||||||
| Akrawi et al (2014)23 | Sweden | Prospective cohort study/population-based | 5 593 516 | 43.5 | 10 | Neighbourhood deprivation/education/family income | ESRD (surgical codes for transplantation or dialysis) |
| Couchoud et al (2012)60 | France | Prospective cohort study/population-based | – | – | 1 | Individual income, education/occupation | ESRD (initiation of dialysis or receiving a renal graft) |
| Crews et al (2014)7 | USA | Prospective cohort study/population-based | 23 314 | 64.8 | 6 | County poverty level/household income/education | ESRD (initiation of renal replacement therapy) |
| Hossain et al (2012)16 | UK | Retrospective cohort study/hospital-based | 918 | 67 | 3 | Area SES/education/occupation | ESRD (initiation of dialysis) |
| Hsu et al (2009)58 | USA | Retrospective cohort study/population-based | 177 570 | 40.7 | 25.7 | Education | ESRD (treated with maintenance dialysis or renal transplantation) |
| Klag et al (1997)61 | USA | Prospective cohort study/population-based | 332 544 | 45.9 | 16 | Household income | ESRD (treatment for ESRD or death from renal failure) |
| Lipworth et al (2012)62 | USA | Prospective cohort study/population-based | 79 943 | 52.1 | 8 | Household income/education | ESRD (initiation of renal replacement therapy) |
| Ward (2008)20 | USA | Retrospective cohort study/population-based | 747 556 | >20 | 8.5 | SES | ESRD (treated with maintenance dialysis or renal transplantation) |
| Young et al (1994)65 | USA | Retrospective cohort study/population-based | – | <60 | 6 | Individual income | ESRD (treated with maintenance dialysis or renal transplantation) |
| Young et al (2016)66 | USA | Prospective cohort study/population-based | 3653 | 54 | 8.04 | Income/education | 30% decline in eGFR during follow-up |
| Merkin et al (2007)19 | USA | Retrospective cohort/population | 4735 | 72.7 | 7 | Income/education/area SES | Scr elevation ≥35 μmol/L or CKD hospitalisation |
| Merkin et al (2005)18 | USA | Retrospective cohort/population | 12 856 | 54.1 | 9 | Combined | Scr elevation ≥35 μmol/L or CKD hospitalisation |
| Tsai et al (2009)64 | Taiwan | Case–control study/hospital-based | 400 | 46.0 | 1 | Household income/education | ESRD (new diagnosed patients dialysis dependent) |
| Perneger et al (1995)63 | USA | Case–control study/population-based | 1077 | 47.4 | 0.5 | Household income/education | ESRD (initiation of renal replacement therapy) |
ACR, albumin creatinine ratio; AER, albumin excretion rate; CG/BSA, Cockcroft-Gault normalised to body surface area equation; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPI, epidemiology collaboration ; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation; Scr, serum creatinine; SES, socioeconomic status.