Subgroup (progression) | Income | Education | ||||
n | RR (95% CI) | I2 | n | RR (95% CI) | I2 | |
Overall | 7 | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 66.6% (0.006) | 7 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 71.3% (0.002) |
Geographic area | ||||||
USA | 6 | 1.27 (1.08 to 1.50) | 72.5% (0.003) | 5 | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.32) | 71.3% (0.002) |
Europe | 1 | 1.19 (1.13 to 1.26) | – | 2 | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.30) | 0.0% (0.861) |
Asia | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Country’s income group | ||||||
High | 7 | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 66.6% (0.006) | 7 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 75.6% (0.001) |
Middle | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
SES-related risk factor adjustments | ||||||
None | 3 | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.37) | 78.4% (0.010) | 3 | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.29) | 0.0% (0.579) |
Health behaviours | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0.90 (0.69 to 0.18) | – |
Comorbid conditions | 1 | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.71) | – | 1 | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.33) | 75.6% (0.001) |
+Health behaviours | 2 | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.52) | 54.6% (0.138) | 1 | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.09) | – |
+Healthcare access | 1 | 1.29 (0.82 to 2.04) | – | 1 | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.50) | – |
CKD progression definitions | ||||||
Initiation of RRT | 4 | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.45) | 80.4% (0.002) | 5 | 1.16 (0.96 to 1.41) | 75.2% (0.003) |
Initiation of RRT or death from renal failure | 1 | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50) | ß | 0 | – | – |
Scr elevation | 1 | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.37) | – | 1 | 0.90 (0.69 to 0.18) | |
30% eGFR decline | 1 | 1.29 (0.82 to 2.04) | – | 1 | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.50) | – |
Study design | ||||||
Prospective | 6 | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.40) | 70.1% (0.005) | 4 | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.29) | 76.0% (0.006) |
Retrospective | 1 | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.50) | – | 3 | 1.20 (0.76 to 1.91) | 76.25 (0.015) |
Time period | ||||||
1990s | 2 | 1.19 (1.02 to 1.38) | 70.1% (0.067) | 0 | – | – |
2000s | 1 | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.50) | – | 2 | 1.18 (0.69 to 2.02) | 88.0% (0.004) |
2010s | 4 | 1.39 (1.11 to 1.74) | 75.0% (0.007) | 5 | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.29) | 68.1% (0.014) |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RR, risk ratio; RRT, renal replacement therapy; Scr, serum creatinine; SES, socioeconomic status.