Characteristics of study sample
| Variables | Categories | N (%) | % onset |
| Age | 65–69 | 5097 (36.4) | 5.0 |
| 70–74 | 4182 (29.9) | 11.9 | |
| 75–79 | 2850 (20.4) | 23.6 | |
| 80–84 | 1302 (9.3) | 35.3 | |
| ≥85 | 553 (4.0) | 44.7 | |
| Gender | Male | 6860 (49.1) | 13.3 |
| Female | 7124 (50.9) | 17.1 | |
| Education | <10 | 8326 (59.5) | 16.5 |
| ≥10 | 5658 (40.5) | 13.3 | |
| Household income | Low | 5848 (41.8) | 16.9 |
| Middle | 6444 (46.1) | 13.7 | |
| High | 1693 (12.1) | 15.6 | |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | <5 | 9833 (70.3) | 13.0 |
| ≥5 | 4151 (29.7) | 20.5 | |
| Subjective cognitive complaint | Yes | 2072 (14.8) | 26.2 |
| No | 11 913 (85.2) | 13.3 | |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | Independent | 11 268 (80.6) | 12.8 |
| Dependent | 2716 (19.4) | 25.2 | |
| Stroke | Yes | 232 (1.7) | 25.7 |
| No | 13 752 (98.3) | 15.1 | |
| Diabetes | Yes | 1616 (11.6) | 18.1 |
| No | 12 368 (88.4) | 14.9 | |
| Daily walking time (min) | ≥30 | 9040 (64.6) | 14.4 |
| <30 | 4945 (35.4) | 16.8 | |
| Hobby | Yes | 10 762 (77.0) | 13.4 |
| No | 3222 (23.0) | 21.4 |
Imputed data are used.