Table 3

The association between changes in economic insecurity (using financial strain) and metabolic, inflammatory, liver and kidney function biomarkers in Understanding Society

	Total cholesterol	HDL-cholesterol	Triglycerides	HbA1c	CRP	Fibrinogen	GGT	Creatinine	Urea
	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient
	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]
Model 1
Increased insecurity†	0.999	0.942***	1.099**	1.010	1.180***	1.020	1.061	1.000	0.996
	[0.980 to 1.019]	[0.916 to 0.968]	[1.039 to 1.163]	[0.996 to 1.024]	[1.071 to 1.300]	[0.999 to 1.042]	[0.991 to 1.135]	[0.985 to 1.016]	[0.975 to 1.018]
Decreased insecurity	1.004	0.959**	1.074*	1.020*	1.094	1.025*	1.050	0.988	0.987
	[0.984 to 1.024]	[0.933 to 0.987]	[1.016 to 1.136]	[1.004 to 1.036]	[0.992 to 1.207]	[1.004 to 1.047]	[0.985 to 1.119]	[0.971 to 1.005]	[0.964 to 1.010]
Remained insecure	1.001	0.916***	1.111***	1.048***	1.308***	1.053***	1.131***	0.986*	0.959***
	[0.987 to 1.015]	[0.898 to 0.934]	[1.070 to 1.153]	[1.035 to 1.061]	[1.226 to 1.395]	[1.039 to 1.068]	[1.080 to 1.184]	[0.974 to 0.997]	[0.942 to 0.977]
Model 2
Increased insecurity†	1.000	0.947***	1.086**	1.005	1.139**	1.014	1.037	1.004	1.000
	[0.981 to 1.019]	[0.921 to 0.974]	[1.027 to 1.149]	[0.992 to 1.019]	[1.034 to 1.256]	[0.993 to 1.036]	[0.972 to 1.107]	[0.988 to 1.019]	[0.979 to 1.022]
Decreased insecurity	1.004	0.967*	1.057	1.013	1.040	1.018	1.019	0.993	0.993
	[0.985 to 1.024]	[0.940 to 0.995]	[0.999 to 1.118]	[0.997 to 1.030]	[0.941 to 1.150]	[0.996 to 1.039]	[0.954 to 1.088]	[0.976 to 1.010]	[0.970 to 1.018]
Remained insecure	1.004	0.928***	1.079***	1.037***	1.208***	1.039***	1.071**	0.994	0.974**
	[0.990 to 1.018]	[0.910 to 0.947]	[1.038 to 1.122]	[1.024 to 1.049]	[1.126 to 1.296]	[1.024 to 1.054]	[1.021 to 1.124]	[0.982 to 1.006]	[0.957 to 0.991]
Model 3
Increased insecurity†	1.000	0.950***	1.088**	1.005	1.130*	1.010	1.034	1.007	1.004
	[0.981 to 1.020]	[0.924 to 0.977]	[1.028 to 1.151]	[0.992 to 1.019]	[1.024 to 1.247]	[0.989 to 1.032]	[0.968 to 1.104]	[0.992 to 1.022]	[0.983 to 1.026]
Decreased insecurity	1.005	0.971*	1.059*	1.013	1.030	1.013	1.015	0.997	0.998
	[0.985 to 1.026]	[0.944 to 1.000]	[1.001 to 1.120]	[0.997 to 1.030]	[0.931 to 1.139]	[0.991 to 1.035]	[0.950 to 1.085]	[0.980 to 1.014]	[0.975 to 1.023]
Remained insecure	1.005	0.934***	1.083***	1.037***	1.194***	1.032***	1.065*	1.000	0.981*
	[0.990 to 1.020]	[0.914 to 0.954]	[1.039 to 1.128]	[1.024 to 1.050]	[1.109 to 1.285]	[1.017 to 1.048]	[1.014 to 1.118]	[0.988 to 1.013]	[0.963 to 0.999]
Model 4
Increased insecurity†	1.001	0.955**	1.078**	1.001	1.114*	1.008	1.017	1.007	1.005
	[0.982 to 1.021]	[0.929 to 0.982]	[1.019 to 1.140]	[0.987 to 1.014]	[1.011 to 1.226]	[0.987 to 1.029]	[0.954 to 1.085]	[0.992 to 1.023]	[0.983 to 1.027]
Decreased insecurity	1.006	0.975	1.051	1.009	1.015	1.010	1.003	0.997	0.999
	[0.986 to 1.027]	[0.948 to 1.003]	[0.994 to 1.112]	[0.993 to 1.025]	[0.919 to 1.120]	[0.989 to 1.032]	[0.940 to 1.071]	[0.980 to 1.014]	[0.975 to 1.023]
Remained insecure	1.007	0.944***	1.060^**	1.026***	1.147***	1.025**	1.028	1.001	0.983
	[0.992 to 1.023]	[0.924 to 0.964]	[1.017 to 1.105]	[1.014 to 1.038]	[1.065 to 1.236]	[1.010 to 1.041]	[0.978 to 1.080]	[0.988 to 1.013]	[0.965 to 1.001]
Model 5
Increased insecurity†	1.001	0.955**	1.077**	1.001	1.114*	1.008	1.017	1.007	1.005
	[0.982 to 1.021]	[0.929 to 0.982]	[1.018 to 1.139]	[0.987 to 1.014]	[1.012 to 1.227]	[0.987 to 1.029]	[0.953 to 1.084]	[0.992 to 1.023]	[0.983 to 1.027]
Decreased insecurity	1.005	0.976	1.045	1.009	1.017	1.010	1.000	0.997	1.000
	[0.985 to 1.026]	[0.948 to 1.004]	[0.988 to 1.106]	[0.993 to 1.026]	[0.922 to 1.123]	[0.989 to 1.032]	[0.937 to 1.067]	[0.980 to 1.014]	[0.977 to 1.025]
Remained insecure	1.006	0.945***	1.052*	1.026***	1.152***	1.026**	1.023	1.000	0.984
	[0.991 to 1.022]	[0.925 to 0.965]	[1.009 to 1.097]	[1.014 to 1.039]	[1.068 to 1.242]	[1.010 to 1.042]	[0.973 to 1.075]	[0.987 to 1.013]	[0.966 to 1.003]
N	6425	6417	6427	6162	6003	5905	6390	6437	6439

Linear regression models calculated using logged dependent variables, with exponentiated coefficients shown. 95% CIs in brackets.
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; model 2: model 1 + education level, marital status, employment status, social class; model 3: model 2 + household income quintile; model 4: model 3 + limiting long-standing illness, self-reported health; model 5: model 4 + GHQ caseness.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Reference is economically secure at both time points.
CRP, C reactive protein; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.