Table 2

Causes of death and sHR among homeless men in Helsinki 2004–2014 calculated using an age-adjusted Fine and Gray hazards model (N=1857)

ICD-10 codeHomeless (n=617)Control group (n=1240)sHR (95% CI)
N (%)N (%)
Diseases and medical causes 183 (63.8%) 114 (82.6%)
 Cardiovascular systemI00–I9951 (17.8%)42 (30.4%)2.51 (1.67 to 3.77)*
  Ischaemic heart diseaseI20–I252432
  Other diseases of the heartI30–I52146
  Cerebrovascular diseasesI60–I6990
  Other diseases of the cardiovascular
   system		I00–I15, I26–I28, I70–I9944
 NeoplasmsC00–D9938 (13.2%)39 (28.3%)1.98 (1.27 to 3.10)*
   Malignant neoplasm of the lungsC32–C34138
   Other neoplasmsC00–C31, C35–D992531
 Digestive systemK00–K9940 (13.9%)10 (7.2%)8.22 (4.11 to 16.43)*
   Alcoholic liver diseaseK70367
  Other diseases of the digestive systemK00–K69, K71–K9943
 Respiratory systemJ00–J9915 (5.2%)9 (6.5%)3.37 (1.47 to 7.49)*
   PneumoniasJ12–J18, J84962
  Bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ40–J4476
  Other diseases of the pulmonary systemJ00–J11, J19–J39, J45–J848, J85–J9921
 Other deaths from diseases and medical causes39 (13.6%)14 (10.1%)5.73 (3.11 to 10.54)*
  Infectious diseaseA00–B99100
  Mental disorders due to SUDsF10–F19131
  DementiaF01, F03, G30, R5426
  Other deaths from diseases and medical causesE00–E99, Q00–Q99, G00–G29, G31–G99147
External causes V01–Y98 98 (34.1%) 19 (13.8%)
 Accidental poisoningX40–X4949 (17.1%)4 (2.9%)25.45 (9.19 to 70.48)*
  Alcohol poisoningX45353
  Accidental poisoning (other than alcohol)X40–X44, X46–X49141
 Other external causesV01–X39, X50–Y9849 (17.1%)15 (10.9%)6.79 (3.81 to 12.09)*
  Accident by fallingW00–W19173
  SuicideX60–X8478
  HomicideX85–Y0971
  DrowningW69–W7040
  Aspiration of food or gastric contentsW78–W7940
  Other accidentsV01–V99, V14, W79, W83, X31, Y86, Y89103
Unknown cause 6 (2.1%) 5 (3.6%) 2.41 (0.7 to 7.88)*

  • *Competing event=death by other cause of death.

  • sHR, sub-HR; SUD, substance use disorder.