Andresen et al
31
| Supervised injection facilities | IDU population of Vancouver, Canada | 5.12 | | Medical and societal | 3% | Lifetime | ++ |
Arrieta et al
18
| Home blood pressure monitoring for hypertension diagnosis and treatment | 16 375 participants, USA | | $7.50–$19.35 | Insurer | 3% | 10 years | ++ |
Baker et al
44
| Workplace obesity management | 890 employees, USA | | $1–$1.17 | Medical | None | 1 year | – |
Beard et al
41
| Community-based falls prevention | 2000 cases and 1600 matched controls, Australia | 20.6 | | Medical and societal | 8% | 18 months | ++ |
Collins42
| Smoking cessation | Population of Wirral, UK | | £1.77 | Medical | 3.5% | 20 years | ++ |
Dopp et al
57
| Multisystematic therapy with serious juvenile offenders and their siblings | 305 participants, USA | 5.04 | | Medical and societal | 3% | 25 years | ++ |
Goetzel et al
45
| Workplace health risk management programme for small businesses | 2458 employees, USA | | $2.03 | Medical and productivity | No | 1 year | – |
Guo et al
59
| Improved walking and cycling infrastructure | 4674 participants, USA | 1.87 | | Medical | 3% | 10 years | ++ |
Kleitz et al
21
| Multisystematic therapy with serious juvenile offenders | 176 participants, USA | 9.51–23.59 | | Medical and societal | 3% | 13.7 years | ++ |
Kuehl et al
46
| Workplace health promotion for fire fighters | 1369 fire fighters, USA | | $4.61 | Medical and insurer | None | 7 years | – |
Long et al
47
| Health promotion programme for hospital staff | 4402 hospital staff, USA | | $2.87 | Employer | None | 1–4 years | + |
Moore et al
52
| Medication management for high-risk groups | 4500 health plan participants, USA | | $2 | Insurer | None | 1 year | – |
Medivil et al
60
| Speed cameras in urban settings | Barcelona, Spain | | €6.80 | Medical and societal | 3% | 2 years | ++ |
Nelson et al
39
| Water fluoridation | Population of Houston, Texas | | $1.51 | Societal | 10% | 10 years | ++ |
Nyman et al
22
| Workplace health promotion | 1757 cases and 3619 matched controls, employer, USA | | $0.87 | | No | 2 years | + |
Ozminkowski et al
51
| Workplace health management | 25 931 Citibank employees | | $4.61 | Insurer | 4% | 3.2 years | ++ |
Peters et al
9
| 20 mph zones in London | Population of London, UK | 0.66–2.19 | | Societal | 3.5% | 10 years | ++ |
Reynolds et al
20
| Intensive early education programme for socioeconomically deprived families (preschool programme) | 1539 participants, USA | | $10.83 | Medical and societal | 3% | 20 years | ++ |
Reynolds et al
20
| Intensive early education programme for socioeconomically deprived families (school age programme) | 850 participants, USA | | $3.97 | Medical and societal | 3% | 20 years | ++ |
Reynolds et al
20
| Intensive early education programme for socioeconomically deprived families (extended intervention) | 553 participants, USA | | $8.24 | Medical and societal | 3% | 20 years | ++ |
Richard et al
43
| Tobacco cessation | 805 Medicaid insured tobacco users, USA | | $2–$2.25 | Insurer | None | 1.3 years | – |
Rundell et al
53
| Therapeutic services for alcoholism | 3034 Oklahoma alcohol service users, USA | | $1.98 | Medical and legal | 4% | 10 and 22 years | ++ |
Schwartz et al
48
| Wellness and disease prevention programme | 57 940 health insurance clients, USA | | $2.02 | Insurer | None | 8 years | – |
Schweinhart et al
56
| Preschool education programme for socioeconomically deprived children | 123 preschool children, USA | 7.16 | | Medical and societal | 3% | 40 years | – |
Steinbach et al
19
| 20 mph zones in London | Population of London, UK | | £1.12 | Medical | None | 10 years | – |
Spence et al
54
| Outpatient pharmacy services for medication adherence | 2957 matched cases and controls, USA | | $5.97 | Medical and productivity | None | 1 year | – |
Van Vonno et al
17
| Heart failure disease management | 1360 matched cases and controls, USA | | $1.15 | Insurer | None | 1 year | – |
Wang et al
61
| Bike and pedestrian trails | 225 351 individual uses of bike and pedestrian trails over a 1 year period, USA | | $2.94 | Public health | None | 10 years | – |
Windsor et al
49
| Antinatal stop smoking services | 994 pregnant smokers in Alabama, USA | 6.72–17.18 | | Medical | None | 5 years | – |