Associations between childhood family income trajectory and psychiatric outcomes from age 15 years
| Psychiatric disorder | Income trajectory | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Second highest income trajectory | Second lowest income trajectory | Downward income trajectory | Lowest income trajectory | |
| Any psychiatric disorder | ||||
| Model I* | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.1) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.5) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.8) | 2.1 (2.0 to 2.1) |
| Model II† | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.3 (1.3 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.6 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.8) |
| Model III‡ | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.1) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.6 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.8 to 1.9) |
| Model IV§ | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.3) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) |
| Substance misuse | ||||
| Model I* | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.5 to 1.6) | 2.0 (1.9 to 2.1) | 2.5 (2.4 to 2.7) |
| Model II† | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.3) | 1.7 (1.6 to 1.8) | 1.8 (1.6 to 1.9) |
| Model III‡ | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.5) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9) | 2.2 (2.1 to 2.3) |
| Model IV§ | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.9) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8) |
| Psychotic disorders | ||||
| Model I* | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.2) |
| Model II† | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.6) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.2) | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.9) | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.3) |
| Model III‡ | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7) |
| Model IV§ | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) |
| Mood disorders | ||||
| Model I* | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9) | 2.0 (1.9 to 2.1) |
| Model II† | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.3 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 1.7 (1.6 to 1.8) |
| Model III‡ | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 1.7 (1.6 to 1.8) |
| Model IV§ | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) |
| Anxiety spectrum disorders | ||||
| Model I* | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 2.0 (1.9 to 2.1) | 2.4 (2.3 to 2.5) |
| Model II† | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 1.9 (1.8 to 2.0) | 2.1 (2.0 to 2.2) |
| Model III‡ | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9) | 2.1 (2.0 to 2.2) |
| Model IV§ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) |
| Eating disorders | ||||
| Model I* | 0.7 (0.7 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.7 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) |
| Model II† | 0.9 (0.8 to 0.9) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) |
| Model III‡ | 0.7 (0.7 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.7) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.7) |
| Model IV§ | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) |
| Model V¶ | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) |
| ADHD | ||||
| Model I* | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5) | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.5) | 2.6 (2.3 to 2.8) | 3.5 (3.2 to 3.8) |
| Model II† | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) | 2.0 (1.9 to 2.2) | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.6) |
| Model III‡ | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.3) | 2.2 (2.1 to 2.5) | 2.9 (2.7 to 3.2) |
| Model IV§ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) |
| Model V¶ | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) |
HR with 95% CIs.
Reference group: highest income trajectory.
*Adjusted for sex and birth year.
†Model I with additional adjustments for foreign-born mother, mother's age at child's birth, parental education and single-parent household.
‡Model I with additional adjustments for parental psychiatric disorder.
§Model I with additional adjustments for overall average income.
¶Models I–IV.
ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.