Table 2

Self-reported sleep disturbance and risk ratios (with 95% CI) for incident dementia in ageing men (n=2386)

Sleep disturbance	Model^a	Model^b	Model^c	Model^d	Model^e	Model^f
	Any type of dementia n=287
Never/seldom n=799	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Occasionally n=1258	1.08 (0.83 to 1.41)	1.07 (0.82 to 1.40)	1.03 (0.79 to 1.35)	1.09 (0.83 to 1.43)	1.06 (0.81 to 1.38)	1.04 (0.79 to 1.36)
Often n=329	1.71 (1.21 to 2.41)	1.68 (1.18 to 2.40)	1.55 (1.08 to 2.21)	1.71 (1.20 to 2.44)	1.67 (1.172 to 2.38)	1.58 (1.10 to 2.27)
	Alzheimer's disease n=234
Never/seldom n=799	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Occasionally n=1258	1.07 (0.80 to 1.42)	1.06 (0.79 to 1.42)	1.03 (0.77 to 1.37)	1.08 (0.80 to 1.46)	1.05 (0.78 to 1.40)	1.04 (0.77 to 1.40)
Often n=329	1.52 (1.03 to 2.23)	1.52 (1.02 to 2.25)	1.42 (0.95 to 2.12)	1.56 (1.05 to 2.33)	1.50 (1.01 to 2.23)	1.46 (0.97 to 2.20)
	Dementia excluding Alzheimer's disease n=53
Never/seldom n=799	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Occasionally n=1258	1.18 (0.61 to 2.25)	1.14 (0.59 to 2.19)	1.10 (0.57 to 2.13)	1.11 (0.57 to 2.13)	1.13 (0.59 to 2.18)	1.08 (0.56 to 2.10)
Often n=329	2.55 (1.20 to 5.42)	2.35 (1.07 to 5.15)	1.99 (0.89 to 4.44)	2.14 (0.97 to 4.71)	2.33 (1.06 to 5.13)	1.93 (0.87 to 4.29)

Model^a adjusted for age and examination year; model^b further adjusted for Human Population Laboratory depression scale scores ≥5; model^c further adjusted for physical activity (kcal/day), alcohol consumption (g/week) and cumulative smoking history (pack-years); model^d: model^b further adjusted for systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), body mass index (kg/m²), low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (mg/L) and cardiovascular disease history; model^e: model^b further adjusted for education years and living alone; model^f: includes model^a–e covariates.