The relationship between neighbourhood and individual characteristics with depression among adolescents participating in the 2008 BYS
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | −0.37 | (−0.65 to −0.09) | −0.39 | (−0.66 to −0.11) | −0.19 | (−0.50 to 0.12) |
| Neighbourhood characteristics | ||||||
| Economic deprivation (ref: low) | ||||||
| Moderate | −0.13 | (−0.27 to 0.01) | −0.13 | (−0.27 to 0.01) | −0.13 | (−0.27 to 0.00) |
| High | −0.18 | (−0.32 to −0.04) | −0.18 | (−0.33 to −0.03) | −0.19 | (−0.34 to −0.05) |
| Danger (ref: low) | ||||||
| Moderate | 0.18 | (0.04 to 0.32) | 0.18 | (0.04 to 0.32) | 0.15 | (0.01 to 0.30) |
| High | −0.03 | (−0.14 to 0.09) | −0.03 | (−0.14 to 0.08) | −0.05 | (−0.17 to 0.06) |
| Disorder (ref: low) | ||||||
| Moderate | −0.04 | (−0.16 to 0.09) | −0.03 | (−0.16 to 0.10) | −0.03 | (−0.16 to 0.10) |
| High | −0.09 | (−0.28 to 0.11) | −0.08 | (−0.28 to 0.12) | −0.08 | (−0.28 to 0.12) |
| Proportion black (ref: low) | ||||||
| Moderate | 0.05 | (−0.05 to 0.14) | 0.05 | (−0.05 to 0.14) | 0.04 | (−0.06 to 0.13) |
| High | 0.15 | (0.01 to 0.29) | 0.15 | (0.01 to 0.28) | 0.14 | (0.00 to 0.27) |
| Social cohesion (ref: low) | ||||||
| Moderate | 0.12 | (−0.02 to 0.26) | 0.12 | (−0.02 to 0.26) | 0.13 | (0.00 to 0.26) |
| High | −0.06 | (−0.24 to 0.12) | −0.06 | (−0.23 to 0.12) | −0.03 | (−0.20 to 0.13) |
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | ||||||
| Female | 0.38 | (0.28 to 0.47) | 0.39 | (0.30 to 0.48) | 0.39 | (0.30 to 0.47) |
| Gini (Z-transformed) | −0.03 | (−0.11 to 0.05) | −0.03 | (−0.11 to 0.05) | ||
| Female×Gini | 0.11 | (0.02 to 0.20) | 0.11 | (0.01 to 0.20) | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White (ref) | ||||||
| Black | 0.04 | (−0.14 to 0.21) | 0.04 | (−0.13 to 0.22) | 0.01 | (−0.19 to 0.20) |
| Asian | 0.05 | (−0.21 to 0.32) | 0.05 | (−0.21 to 0.32) | 0.04 | (−0.23 to 0.31) |
| Hispanic | 0.05 | (−0.12 to 0.22) | 0.06 | (−0.11 to 0.23) | 0.01 | (−0.17 to 0.19) |
| Other | 0.19 | (−0.09 to 0.47) | 0.20 | (−0.08 to 0.48) | 0.16 | (−0.13 to 0.45) |
| Nativity | ||||||
| US born (ref) | ||||||
| Foreign born (≤ 4 years) | −0.07 | (−0.24 to 0.11) | 0.02 | (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.01 | (−0.09 to 0.11 |
| Foreign born (> 4 years) | 0.01 | (−0.08 to 0.11) | −0.06 | (−0.24 to 0.13) | −0.08 | (−0.25 to 0.10) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 14 | ||||||
| 15 | 0.08 | (−0.08 to 0.24) | 0.08 | (−0.09 to 0.24) | 0.07 | (−0.10 to 0.24) |
| 16 | 0.16 | (−0.01 to 0.34) | 0.16 | (−0.02 to 0.34) | 0.17 | (−0.01 to 0.34) |
| 17 | 0.10 | (−0.05 to 0.25) | 0.10 | (−0.06 to 0.25) | 0.10 | (−0.05 to 0.26) |
| 18 | 0.22 | (0.04 to 0.39) | 0.21 | (0.03 to 0.39) | 0.21 | (0.03 to 0.39) |
| 19 | 0.28 | (−0.13 to 0.70) | 0.28 | (−0.14 to 0.69) | 0.25 | (−0.15 to 0.66) |
| Social cohesion | ||||||
| Low (ref) | ||||||
| Moderate | −0.16 | (−0.28 to −0.05) | ||||
| High | −0.26 | (−0.40 to −0.13) | ||||