Characteristics of study populations (mean (SD)) by study and maternal education group
| Study | Maternal education group | N | Age (year) | BMI (kg/m2) | % NW/OW/OB | Days of monitoring | Summer sample (%) | Monitor wear time (min/day) | CPM | Sedentary (min/day) | Light activity (min/day) | MVPA (min/day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALSPAC* | High School | 2972 | 11.7 (0.2) | 19.2(3.4) | 77, 18, 5 | 6.1 | 52 | 769(59) | 596 (196) | 348 (71) | 390 (67) | 34.8 (20.6) |
| (UK) | College | 691 | 11.7 (0.2) | 19.1 (3.5) | 79, 17, 4 | 6.1 | 51 | 773 (59) | 591 (192) | 353 (72) | 391 (66) | 34.5 (20.8) |
| University | 1195 | 11.7 (0.2) | 18.6 (2.9) | 84, 14, 2 | 6.2 | 52 | 779 (58) | 577 (180) | 370 (69) | 380 (64) | 34.7 (19.7) | |
| CLAN | High School | 461 | 11.5 (0.6) | 19.9 (3.9) | 71, 21, 8 | 5.5 | 26 | 781 (69) | 673 (213) | 335 (69) | 413 (64) | 38.7 (20.6) |
| (Australia) | College | 83 | 11.5 (0.6) | 20.4 (3.8) | 66, 25, 9 | 5.6 | 28 | 791 (70) | 651 (201) | 339 (69) | 419 (61) | 36.5 (19.0) |
| University | 267 | 11.5 (0.6) | 19.1 (3.3) | 75, 22, 3 | 5.5 | 32 | 779 (69) | 651 (202) | 348 (72) | 397 (61) | 37.7 (19.7) | |
| EYHS | High School | 184 | 13.8 (2.5) | 20 (3.4) | 85, 14, 2 | 3.8 | 32 | 783 (75) | 505 (312) | 408 (133) | 356 (112) | 25.8 (24.8) |
| (Denmark) | College | 182 | 13.5 (2.6) | 19.6 (3.1) | 85, 14, 1 | 4.1 | 27 | 792 (66) | 485 (247) | 413 (121) | 363 (106) | 25.3 (20.9) |
| University | 149 | 13 (2.7) | 19 (2.9) | 88, 12, 0 | 4.3 | 22 | 789 (61) | 511 (264) | 405 (128) | 365 (112) | 27.0 (22.8) | |
| EYHS | High School | 102 | 14.7 (1.9) | 19.8 (2.7) | 93, 7, 0 | 3.9 | 41 | 806 (65) | 555 (241) | 394 (104) | 384 (91) | 38.8 (25.7) |
| (Estonia) | College | 105 | 14.8 (1.8) | 20.1 (3) | 88, 11, 1 | 3.8 | 29 | 811 (60) | 578 (256) | 375 (106) | 409 (88) | 38.0 (27.4) |
| University | 114 | 14.7 (1.8) | 19.9 (2.8) | 93, 5, 2 | 3.9 | 57 | 815 (53) | 544 (228) | 403 (96) | 379 (83) | 39.2 (26.1) | |
| HEAPS | High School | 426 | 11.3 (0.6) | 19.8 (3.4) | 65, 27, 8 | 4.9 | 31 | 760 (77) | 659 (224) | 325 (73) | 404 (65) | 37.1 (22.2) |
| (Australia) | College | 77 | 11.3 (0.6) | 20.7 (3.6) | 56, 34, 10 | 5.0 | 29 | 778 (84) | 629 (205) | 342 (76) | 406 (66) | 35.4 (20.3) |
| University | 276 | 11.2 (0.6) | 19.1 (3.2) | 76, 17, 6 | 4.9 | 30 | 765 (76) | 670 (193) | 325 (68) | 407 (66) | 40.0 (20.8) | |
| PEACH | High School | 379 | 10.9 (0.4) | 18.5 (3.2) | 76, 20, 4 | 5.1 | 42 | 740 (74) | 560 (170) | 362.2 (70) | 355 (60) | 26.3 (16.3) |
| (UK) | University | 173 | 10.9 (0.4) | 17.6 (2.5) | 88, 10, 2 | 5.8 | 66 | 757 (59) | 552 (135) | 382 (64) | 351 (56) | 27.9 (14.9) |
| Pelotas | Primary | 370 | 13.3 (0.3) | 20.3 (3.7) | 77, 19, 4 | 3.8 | 52 | 932 (78) | 420 (161) | 516 (91) | 391 (93) | 23.5 (18.0) |
| (Brazil) | Secondary/Tertiary | 86 | 13.7 (2.6) | 20.7 (4.0) | 73, 17, 10 | 3.8 | 48 | 917 (84) | 339 (127) | 557 (99) | 342 (90) | 17.3 (11.9) |
| EYHS | Primary | 324 | 13.8 (2.6) | 20.4 (3.6) | 81, 14, 5 | 3.7 | 32 | 789 (76) | 546 (235) | 387 (104) | 372 (94) | 30.5 (23.5) |
| (Portugal) | Secondary/Tertiary | 23 | 13.9 (2.7) | 20.7 (3.6) | 83, 13, 4 | 4.0 | 29 | 799 (66) | 420 (178) | 438 (90) | 340 (92) | 20.7 (20.0) |
| Project TAAG | High School | 1250 | 13.4 (1.1) | 22.8 (5.5) | 62, 21, 17 | 4.8 | 2 | 788 (82) | 391 (150) | 447 (84) | 328 (73) | 16.0 (12.2) |
| (USA) | College | 708 | 13.4 (1.0) | 22.7 (5.5) | 61, 23, 16 | 4.8 | 2 | 790 (79) | 405 (146) | 446 (77) | 330 (73) | 17.5 (12.5) |
| University | 1951 | 13.3 (1.0) | 21.3 (4.6) | 73, 18, 9 | 5.0 | 3 | 795 (79) | 404 (143) | 452 (83) | 328 (71) | 18.4 (13.0) | |
| KISS | High School | 56 | 11.3 (0.5) | 18.4 (3) | 78, 20, 2 | 6.3 | 100 | 908 (90) | 683 (172) | 399 (78) | 465 (75) | 50.0 (22.7) |
| (Switzerland) | College | 104 | 11.2 (0.5) | 18.2 (2.7) | 85, 13, 2 | 6.7 | 89 | 919 (66) | 628 (197) | 436 (87) | 444.5 (65) | 45.2 (24.3) |
| University | 62 | 10.9 (0.5) | 17.7 (2.7) | 89, 10, 2 | 6.6 | 100 | 905 (82) | 654 (164) | 425 (83) | 441 (57) | 46.4 (20.0) |
*See online supplementary material.
ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; BMI, body mass index; CLAN, Children Living In Active Neighbourhoods; CPM, counts per minute; EYHS, European Youth Heart Study; HEAPS, Healthy Eating and Play Study; KISS, Kinder-Sportstudie Study; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; NW, normal weight; OB, obese; OW, overweight; PEACH, Personal And Environmental Associations With Children’s Health; Pelotas, Pelotas 1993 birth cohort; Project TAAG, Project Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls.