Factors associated with out-of-pocket health expenditures among older people in India, Study on global AGEing and adult health India Wave 1
| Explanatory variables | Model 1* | Model 2† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β‡ (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age in years | −0.1 (−1.0 to 0.9) | 0.91 | −0.1 (−1.0 to 0.9) | 0.91 |
| Women | −15.2 (−28.1 to −2.4) | 0.02 | −13.9 (−26.7 to −1.30) | 0.03 |
| No formal education | −15.5 (−29.5 to −1.6) | 0.03 | −9.7 (−23.7 to 4.3) | 0.17 |
| Widowed or separated | −4.5 (−20.7 to 11.6) | 0.58 | −5.8 (−21.3 to 9.8) | 0.47 |
| Receiving pension support | 25.1 (1.4 to 48.9) | 0.03 | 19.7 (−1.4.1 to 40.9) | 0.07 |
| Health insurance | −3.2 (−30.8 to 24.4) | 0.82 | −6.3 (−36.5 to 23.9) | 0.68 |
| Angina | – | 39.1 (0.6 to 77.6) | 0.04 | |
| Chronic lung disease | – | 33.8 (4.9 to 62.8) | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | – | 48.6 (15.5 to 81.7) | 0.004 | |
| Hypertension | – | 26.1 (6.8 to 45.5) | 0.01 | |
| Stroke | – | 54.0 (−16.4 to 124.4) | 0.13 | |
| Tuberculosis§ | – | 75.4 (−19.2 to 170.1) | 0.12 | |
*Model 1 adjusted for (predisposing and enabling factors) socioeconomic variables.
† Model 2 adjusted for socioeconomic and need variables.
‡Multivariate survey Heckman sample selection model with total out-of-pocket health expenditure in US dollars as dependent variable with health service visits as selection variable with WHO Disability Assessment Scale total disability score and annual per capita income as a function of health visits.
§Diagnosed and treated with antituberculosis treatment within 1 year.