Participant characteristics: comparisons according to study site
| Total | Lima | Urban Puno | Rural Puno | Tumbes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=3238 | n=1052 | n=574 | n=581 | n=1031 | p-value* | |
| Sociodemographics—n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 1565 (48.3%) | 506 (48.1%) | 277 (48.3%) | 270 (46.5%) | 512 (49.7%) | 0.67 |
| Age, years—median (IQR) | 55.1 (45.3; 65.2) | 54.8 (45.5; 64.7) | 55.7 (45.3; 65.3) | 55.9 (45.8; 65.9) | 55.0 (44.9; 65.0) | 0.34 |
| Education level | ||||||
| <7 years | 1492 (46.1%) | 454 (43.2%) | 91 (15.8%) | 374 (64.1%) | 573 (55.6%) | <0.001 |
| 7–11 years | 1056 (32.6%) | 416 (39.6%) | 156 (27.2%) | 172 (29.5%) | 312 (30.3%) | |
| ≥12 years | 690 (21.3%) | 181 (17.2%) | 327 (57.0%) | 37 (6.4%) | 145 (14.1%) | |
| Socioeconomic Status (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 1021 (31.5%) | 127 (12.1%) | 135 (23.5%) | 419 (72.1%) | 340 (33.0%) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 1107 (34.2%) | 387 (36.8%) | 155 (27.0%) | 147 (25.3%) | 418 (40.5%) | |
| Highest | 1110 (34.3%) | 538 (51.1%) | 284 (49.5%) | 15 (2.6%) | 273 (26.5%) | |
| Lifestyles—n (%) | ||||||
| Daily smoking | 103 (3.2%) | 34 (3.2%) | 12 (2.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 56 (5.4%) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol drinking | 172 (5.3%) | 58 (5.5%) | 37 (6.5%) | 17 (2.9%) | 60 (5.8%) | 0.03 |
| Leisure time and transport-related physical activity | ||||||
| Lowest | 1031 (31.9%) | 201 (19.1%) | 122 (21.3%) | 149 (25.6%) | 559 (54.2%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 1784 (55.1%) | 637 (60.6%) | 372 (65.0%) | 360 (61.9%) | 415 (40.3%) | |
| Highest | 421 (13.0%) | 213 (20.3%) | 78 (13.6%) | 73 (12.5%) | 57 (5.5%) | |
| Hours watching TV (2+ hours per day) | 1382 (42.7%) | 509 (48.4%) | 265 (46.2%) | 83 (14.3%) | 525 (50.9%) | <0.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables intake (5+ servings per day) | 132 (4.1%) | 70 (6.7%) | 38 (6.6%) | 11 (1.9%) | 13 (1.3%) | <0.001 |
| Parental history—n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension among at least one of the parents | 683 (21.1%) | 192 (18.3%) | 120 (20.9%) | 25 (4.3%) | 346 (33.6%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes among at least one of the parents | 238 (7.4%) | 74 (7.0%) | 32 (5.6%) | 3 (0.5%) | 129 (12.5%) | <0.001 |
| Anthropometric measurements—n (%) | ||||||
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) | 953 (29.5%) | 243 (23.2%) | 135 (24.0%) | 317 (54.5%) | 255 (24.7%) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1409 (43.6%) | 471 (45.0%) | 278 (49.4%) | 206 (35.4%) | 450 (43.7%) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 869 (26.9%) | 332 (31.7%) | 150 (26.6%) | 59 (10.1%) | 326 (31.6%) | |
| Clinical Profile | ||||||
| SBP (mm Hg)—mean (SD) | 117.6 (19.1) | 117.4 (18.8) | 112.2 (17.5) | 116.5 (17.3) | 121.5 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg)—mean (SD) | 73.4 (11.1) | 72.8 (11.2) | 71.8 (10.1) | 75.2 (10.1) | 74.0 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)—mean (SD) | 98.2 (33.9) | 97.7 (33.2) | 96.6 (32.4) | 90.2 (21.3) | 103.6 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| A1c (%)—mean (SD) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.1) | 5.9 (0.8) | 6.2 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiometabolic condition—n (%) | ||||||
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Normal | 1799 (55.4%) | 589 (56.0%) | 394 (68.6%) | 327 (56.3%) | 481 (46.7%) | <0.001 |
| Prehypertension | 809 (24.9%) | 251 (23.9%) | 101 (17.6%) | 182 (31.3%) | 273 (26.5%) | |
| Hypertension | 641 (19.7%) | 212 (20.1%) | 79 (13.8%) | 72 (12.4%) | 277 (26.9%) | |
| Glucose metabolism disorder | ||||||
| Normal | 2313 (74.2%) | 767 (74.4%) | 395 (76.7%) | 473 (87.5%) | 678 (65.7%) | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes | 588 (18.8%) | 207 (20.1%) | 83 (16.1%) | 51 (9.4%) | 247 (24.0%) | |
| Diabetes | 217 (7.0%) | 57 (5.5%) | 37 (7.2%) | 17 (3.1%) | 106 (10.3%) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1465 (47.0%) | 505 (49.0%) | 246 (47.9%) | 150 (27.7%) | 564 (54.8%) | <0.001 |
*p-values were calculated comparing study sites using one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test for numerical variables, and χ2 test for categorical variables.
A1c, glycated haemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Results may not add up due to missing values.