Adjusted* ORs (95% CIs) of developing renal function decline in different subgroups
| Total | Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Incidence, n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Incidence, n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Incidence, n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Women | 87 (7.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||||
| Men | 131 (9.8) | 1.67 (1.05 to 2.66) | 0.032 | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 40–50 | 95 (7.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 50 (8.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 45 (6.6) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50–60 | 107 (9.8) | 1.29 (0.94 to 1.77) | 0.114 | 69 (10.9) | 1.34 (0.88 to 2.04) | 0.179 | 38 (8.3) | 1.19 (0.72 to 1.96) | 0.491 |
| ≥60 | 16 (10.9) | 1.28 (0.71 to 2.33) | 0.409 | 12 (11.5) | 1.26 (0.61 to 2.59) | 0.528 | 4 (9.3) | 1.46 (0.47 to 4.58) | 0.513 |
| Obesity or abdominal obesity† | |||||||||
| No | 144 (8.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 124 (9.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 60 (6.6) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Yes | 74 (10.6) | 1.50 (1.09 to 2.07) | 0.014 | 7 (13.5) | 1.35 (0.85 to 2.14) | 0.209 | 27 (10.0) | 1.65 (1.04 to 2.64) | 0.035 |
| Current smoker | |||||||||
| No | 125 (8.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 44 (11.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 81 (7.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Yes | 93 (9.4) | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.33) | 0.597 | 87 (9.1) | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.18) | 0.245 | 6 (18.8) | 3.22 (1.22 to 8.46) | 0.018 |
| Current alcohol drinker | |||||||||
| No | 157 (8.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 73 (10.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 84 (7.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Yes | 6 1(9.5) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.43) | 0.972 | 58 (9.5) | 0.98 (0.67 to 1.44) | 0.928 | 3 (9.7) | 1.14 (0.31 to 4.13) | 0.845 |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| Normal | 60 (6.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 29 (6.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 31 (7.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Prehypertension | 96 (9.1) | 1.31 (0.93 to 1.84) | 0.123 | 61 (10.6) | 1.64 (1.02 to 2.63) | 0.040 | 35 (7.4) | 1.00 (0.59 to 1.69) | 0.999 |
| Hypertension | 62 (10.7) | 1.49 (1.01 to 2.20) | 0.047 | 41 (13.0) | 2.05 (1.21 to 3.47) | 0.008 | 21 (8.0) | 1.03 (0.56 to 1.91) | 0.927 |
| Mean blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | |||||||||
| <80 | 18 (6.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 6 (4.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 12 (8.8) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 80–90 | 52 (7.3) | 1.11 (0.63 to 1.94) | 0.722 | 31 (8.8) | 2.03 (0.82 to 5.00) | 0.125 | 21 (5.8) | 0.63 (0.29 to 1.33) | 0.225 |
| ≥90 | 148 (9.7) | 1.43 (0.85 to 2.40) | 0.174 | 94 (11.2) | 2.63 (1.11 to 6.20) | 0.027 | 54 (7.9) | 0.82 (0.41 to 1.62) | 0.563 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg)§ | |||||||||
| <40 | 66 (8.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 34 (7.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 32 (8.9) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 40–50 | 57 (6.9) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.19) | 0.303 | 33 (7.4) | 0.91 (0.55 to 1.52) | 0.722 | 24 (6.3) | 0.72 (0.41 to 1.27) | 0.260 |
| ≥50 | 95 (10.7) | 1.30 (0.92 to 1.83) | 0.136 | 64 (14.1) | 2.00 (1.26 to 3.18) | 0.003 | 31 (7.1) | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.27) | 0.279 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| <7.0 | 210 (8.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 127 (9.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 83 (7.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| ≥7.0 | 8 (11.0) | 1.19 (0.56 to 2.55) | 0.646 | 4 (10.3) | 1.02 (0.35 to 2.99) | 0.970 | 4 (11.8) | 1.79 (0.60 to 5.39) | 0.299 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| <5.2 | 178 (8.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 111 (9.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 67 (7.1) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| ≥5.2 | 40 (9.2) | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.48) | 0.931 | 20 (10.3) | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.72) | 0.957 | 20 (8.3) | 1.09 (0.63 to 1.89) | 0.756 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| <1.7 | 181 (8.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 115 (9.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 66 (7.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| ≥1.7 | 37 (9.5) | 1.02 (0.68 to 1.53) | 0.913 | 16 (10.3) | 0.79 (0.43 to 1.45) | 0.454 | 21 (9.0) | 1.33 (0.72 to 2.30) | 0.310 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| ≥0.9 | 210 (8.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 124 (9.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 86 (7.5) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| <0.9 | 8 (11.1) | 1.27 (0.58 to 2.76) | 0.547 | 7 (20.0) | 2.65 (1.08 to 6.50) | 0.034 | 1 (2.7) | 0.27 (0.04 to 2.09) | 0.212 |
| Self-reported health status | |||||||||
| Better | 28 (7.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 18 (10.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 10 (4.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| No change | 127 (8.6) | 1.40 (0.90 to 2.18) | 0.136 | 79 (9.5) | 1.10 (0.61 to 1.97) | 0.753 | 48 (7.5) | 2.00 (0.98 to 4.09) | 0.057 |
| Worse | 63 (9.6) | 1.64 (1.01 to 2.66) | 0.046 | 34 (10.1) | 1.17 (0.61 to 2.25) | 0.628 | 29 (9.1) | 2.57 (1.20 to 5.50) | 0.015 |
| Education | |||||||||
| Illiterate | 111 (8.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 36 (10.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 75 (7.9) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Elementary level | 65 (8.3) | 0.79 (0.55 to 1.14) | 0.216 | 56 (9.3) | 0.86 (0.55 to 1.35) | 0.514 | 9 (4.9) | 0.61 (0.29 to 1.24) | 0.171 |
| Middle or higher levels | 42 (9.9) | 0.95 (0.61 to 1.49) | 0.833 | 39 (10.5) | 0.96 (0.57 to 1.63) | 0.880 | 3 (5.9) | 0.84 (0.25 to 2.86) | 0.779 |
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| High | 65 (7.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 38 (7.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 27 (6.6) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Moderate | 129 (9.2) | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) | 0.088 | 76 (10.3) | 1.40 (0.92 to 2.13) | 0.113 | 53 (8.0) | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.03) | 0.404 |
| Low | 24 (12.7) | 1.92 (1.14 to 3.22) | 0.014 | 17 (20.5) | 3.11 (1.59 to 6.10) | 0.001 | 7 (6.6) | 0.98 (0.40 to 2.40) | 0.958 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||||||||
| ≥120 | 30 (7.5) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.50) | 0.926 | 14 (8.0) | 0.92 (0.50 to 1.70) | 0.799 | 16 (7.1) | 1.06 (0.58 to 1.95) | 0.844 |
| 90–120 | 174 (9.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 106 (10.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 68 (7.9) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| <90 | 14 (6.5) | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.13) | 0.122 | 11 (8.9) | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.55) | 0.491 | 3 (3.2) | 0.35 (0.11 to 1.16) | 0.086 |
*All variables, except mean blood pressure and pulse pressure, were included in the same models.
†Obesity was defined as a BMI of ≥23 kg/m2; abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women.
‡All variables, except hypertension and pulse pressure, were adjusted.
§All variables, except hypertension and mean blood pressure, were adjusted.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.