Factors associated with catastrophic health expenditures among older people in India, Study on global AGEing and adult health India Wave 1
| Explanatory variables | Model 1* | Model 2† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β‡ (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age in years | −0.003 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.66 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.63 |
| Men | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | 0.01 | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0.003 |
| No formal education | −0.02 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.87 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 0.53 |
| Widowed or separated | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.63 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.66 |
| Receiving pension support | 0.3 (−0.01 to 0.5) | 0.06 | 0.3 (0.001 to 0.6) | 0.05 |
| Health insurance | −0.7 (−1.1 to −0.1) | 0.02 | −0.9 (−1.7 to −0.1) | 0.03 |
| Angina | – | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.5) | 0.72 | |
| Chronic lung disease | – | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0.01 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | – | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | – | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.7) | 0.001 | |
| Stroke | – | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.01 | |
| Tuberculosis§ | – | 0.9 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.002 | |
* Model 1 adjusted for (predisposing and enabling factors) socioeconomic variables.
†Model 2 adjusted for socioeconomic and need variables.
‡Multivariate survey Heckman sample selection model with survey Probit regression with Heckman sample selection model with catastrophic health expenditure as dependent variable; Health service visits as selection variable with comorbidity and WHO Disability Assessment Scale total disability score determining the selection equation.
§Diagnosed and treated with antituberculosis treatment within 1 year.