Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the relation of salivary cotinine with cause-specific mortality risk among non-smoking men and women: the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey 2 (N=2523)
| All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular disease mortality | All cancer mortality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of deaths/number at risk | Age-adjusted | Fully adjusted* | Number of deaths/number at risk | Age-adjusted | Fully adjusted* | Number of deaths/number at risk | Age-adjusted | Fully adjusted* | |
| Men (N=1090) | |||||||||
| ≤0.3 ng/mL | 85/220 | 1 (ref) | 1 | 34/220 | 1 | 1 | 21/220 | 1 | 1 |
| 0.4–1.2 | 90/387 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.38) | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.36) | 39/387 | 1.12 (0.71 to 1.79) | 1.06 (0.66 to 1.69) | 22/387 | 0.93 (0.51 to 1.70) | 0.95 (0.52 to 1.75) |
| 1.3–15.0 | 125/483 | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.67) | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.64) | 51/483 | 1.31 (0.84 to 2.05) | 1.25 (0.78 to 1.99) | 29/483 | 1.08 (0.61 to 1.92) | 1.10 (0.61 to 2.00) |
| p Value for trend† | 0.091 | 0.165 | 0.223 | 0.336 | 0.760 | 0.723 | |||
| Women (N=1433) | |||||||||
| ≤0.3 ng/mL | 89/391 | 1 | 1 | 35/391 | 1 | 1 | 28/391 | 1 | 1 |
| 0.4–1.2 | 102/546 | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.09) | 43/546 | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.50) | 0.82 (0.52 to 1.30) | 25/546 | 0.67 (0.39 to 1.15) | 0.66 (0.38 to 1.14) |
| 1.3–15.0 | 97/496 | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.33) | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.22) | 51/496 | 1.37 (0.89 to 2.12) | 1.19 (0.76 to 1.87) | 21/496 | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.13) | 0.63 (0.35 to 1.13) |
| p Value for trend† | 0.987 | 0.544 | 0.127 | 0.347 | 0.117 | 0.114 | |||
*Full adjustment is adjustment for baseline age, socioeconomic position, alcohol intake, physical activity and a history of heart disease, cancer or diabetes.
†From Cox regression models of the linear associations between three categories of cotinine level and mortality in non-smokers.