Income-related inequality in health and health-related behaviour by age group and gender
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | CCI | PCCI† | ME income‡ | CCI | PCCI† | ME income‡ |
| General Health | ||||||
| 0–11 | −0.0565*** | −0.0388 | −0.0230*** | −0.0600*** | −0.0412 | −0.0241*** |
| 12–15 | −0.0523*** | −0.0506 | −0.0304 (0.4)*** | −0.0635*** | −0.0546 | −0.0321 (0.7)*** |
| 16–19 | −0.0658*** | −0.0343 | −0.0182 (0.03)** | −0.1463*** | −0.0791 | −0.0419 (0.5)*** |
| 20–24 | −0.0952*** | −0.0852 | −0.0457 (0.13)*** | −0.1184*** | −0.0575 | −0.0310 (0.19)*** |
| 25–44 | −0.1739*** | −0.1304 | −0.0726 (0.07)*** | −0.2028*** | −0.1557 | −0.0844 (<0.001)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.3066*** | −0.2673 | −0.1506 (0.04)*** | −0.3015*** | −0.2747 | −0.1577 (<0.001)*** |
| 65+ | −0.2306*** | −0.1282 | −0.0770 (<0.001)*** | −0.1859*** | −0.0948 | −0.0604 (<0.001)*** |
| All | −0.1883*** | −0.1370 | −0.0751*** | −0.2127*** | −0.1456 | −0.0808*** |
| Longstanding illness | ||||||
| 0–11 | −0.0567*** | −0.0404 | −0.0239** | −0.0312** | −0.0260 | −0.0153* |
| 12–15 | −0.0552** | −0.0497 | −0.0298 (0.8)* | −0.0766*** | −0.0787 | −0.0470 (0.13)*** |
| 16–19 | 0.0019 | −0.0088 | −0.0046 (0.3) | −0.0320 | −0.0369 | −0.0195 (0.2) |
| 20–24 | −0.0488 | −0.0496 | −0.0267 (0.2)* | −0.0539* | −0.0258 | −0.0140 (0.6) |
| 25–44 | −0.1108*** | −0.1052 | −0.0590 (0.3)*** | −0.1207*** | −0.1071 | −0.0579 (0.02)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.1991*** | −0.1832 | −0.1012 (0.02)*** | −0.2031*** | −0.1793 | −0.1030 (0.004)*** |
| 65+ | −0.0801*** | −0.0470 | −0.0279 (<0.001)*** | −0.0611*** | −0.0198 | −0.0125 (<0.001) |
| All | −0.1247*** | −0.1074 | −0.0586*** | −0.1355*** | −0.0976 | −0.0541*** |
| Limiting longstanding illness | ||||||
| 0–11 | −0.0484*** | −0.0338 | −0.0201*** | −0.0330*** | −0.0273 | −0.0161*** |
| 12–15 | −0.0365* | −0.0266 | −0.0160 (0.7) | −0.0607*** | −0.0573 | −0.0343 (0.2)*** |
| 16–19 | −0.0302 | −0.0221 | −0.0116 (0.7)* | −0.0548** | −0.0470 | −0.0248 (0.2)*** |
| 20–24 | −0.0430* | −0.0400 | −0.0215 (0.4)*** | −0.0585** | −0.0282 | −0.0153 (0.4) |
| 25–44 | −0.1400*** | −0.1006 | −0.0565 (0.2)*** | −0.1332*** | −0.1016 | −0.0550 (0.006)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.2648*** | −0.2058 | −0.1136 (0.07)*** | −0.2279*** | −0.1944 | −0.1117 (0.01)*** |
| 65+ | −0.1719*** | −0.0972 | −0.0577 (<0.001) | −0.1089*** | −0.0429 | −0.0270 (<0.001)*** |
| All | −0.1570*** | −0.1060 | −0.0578*** | −0.1557*** | −0.0974 | −0.0540*** |
| Psychosocial wellbeing | ||||||
| 4–11 | −0.1232*** | −0.1099 | −0.0654*** | −0.1070*** | −0.0765 | −0.0464*** |
| 12–15 | −0.0884*** | −0.0710 | −0.0426 (0.2)*** | −0.0753*** | −0.0713 | −0.0438 (0.8)*** |
| 16–19 | −0.0295 | −0.0262 | −0.0139 (0.11)* | −0.0187 | −0.0151 | −0.0080 (<0.001) |
| 20–24 | −0.0673** | −0.0618 | −0.0342 (0.3)*** | −0.0537** | −0.0397 | −0.0215 (0.16)** |
| 25–44 | −0.0805*** | −0.0586 | −0.0327 (0.8)*** | −0.0886*** | −0.0683 | −0.0372 (0.15)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.1420*** | −0.0875 | −0.0485 (0.06)*** | −0.1303*** | −0.0996 | −0.0577 (0.04)*** |
| 65+ | −0.0772*** | −0.0248 | −0.0148 (<0.001)*** | −0.0320*** | −0.0169 | −0.0107 (<0.001)** |
| All | −0.0705*** | −0.0483 | −0.0264*** | −0.0663*** | −0.0558 | −0.0311*** |
| Obesity | ||||||
| 0–11 | −0.0406*** | −0.0292 | −0.0172*** | −0.0611*** | −0.0439 | −0.0260*** |
| 12–15 | −0.0685*** | −0.0591 | −0.0354 (0.5)*** | −0.0532*** | −0.0308 | −0.0181 (0.5)** |
| 16–19 | 0.0028 | −0.0102 | −0.0056 (0.17) | −0.0447** | −0.0135 | −0.0074 (0.11) |
| 20–24 | 0.0169 | 0.0098 | 0.0053 (0.3) | −0.0363 | −0.0237 | −0.0126 (0.9) |
| 25–44 | −0.0400*** | −0.0216 | −0.0124 (0.3)* | −0.1441*** | −0.1109 | −0.0610 (0.004)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.0147 | −0.0069 | −0.0038 (0.3) | −0.1237*** | −0.0889 | −0.0524 (0.14)*** |
| 65+ | −0.0446*** | −0.0319 | −0.0202 (0.16)** | −0.0453*** | −0.0455 | −0.0307 (0.12)*** |
| All | 0.0062 | −0.0455 | −0.0307*** | −0.0838*** | −0.0737 | −0.0419*** |
| Smoking | ||||||
| 7–15 | −0.0190*** | −0.0041 | −0.0024*** | −0.0263*** | −0.0064 | −0.0038*** |
| 16–19 | −0.1252*** | −0.0897 | −0.0473 (0.3)*** | −0.1682*** | −0.1251 | −0.0657 (0.5)*** |
| 20–24 | −0.1256*** | −0.1404 | −0.0754 (0.9)*** | −0.1382*** | −0.0949 | −0.0519 (0.9)*** |
| 25–44 | −0.2181*** | −0.1971 | −0.1107 (0.3)*** | −0.2349*** | −0.2198 | −0.1192 (0.02)*** |
| 45–64 | −0.1883*** | −0.1625 | −0.0897 (0.5)*** | −0.1607*** | −0.1307 | −0.0750 (0.01) |
| 65+ | −0.0915*** | −0.0494 | −0.0297 (<0.001)*** | −0.0437*** | −0.0300 | −0.0191 (<0.001)*** |
| All | −0.1107*** | −0.1335 | −0.0727*** | −0.1234*** | −0.1328 | −0.0737*** |
***p<0.001; **p<0.05; *p<0.1.
†No statistical inference for the PCCIs is reported. Calculating standard errors around PCCIs would require applying bootstrapping methods on the 96 estimates provided in this study.
‡Numbers in brackets indicate p value for the statistical test that the income effect is different to the effect on the previous age group.
CCI, Corrected Concentration Index; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; ME, Marginal Effect; PCCI, Partial Corrected Concentration Index; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.