Age adjusted characteristics of participants aged 30–74 years, by education level, sex and survey*
| Tromsø 4, 1994–95 | Tromsø 6, 2007–08 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education level† | Education level† | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | p Trend | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | p Trend | p, Int‡ | |
| Men | n=3381 | n=3904 | n=1759 | n=1662 | n=1270 | n=1936 | n=1159 | n=1110 | |||
| Mean age | 52.1 (12.3) | 46.6 (11.8) | 45.2 (10.3) | 43.8 (9.5) | <0.001 | 58.6 (10.2) | 55.2 (10.8) | 54.9 (10.6) | 52.6 (11.0) | <0.001 | |
| Daily smoking (%) | 47.0 (1563) | 38.7 (1563) | 31.0 (577) | 19.6 (358) | <0.001 | 32.4 (360) | 24.7 (423) | 19.2 (197) | 9.1 ( 94) | <0.001 | 0.054 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 (3.5) | 25.9 (3.3) | 25.8 (3.2) | 25.3 (3.0) | <0.001 | 27.2 (4.0) | 27.4 (3.8) | 27.2 (3.6) | 26.5 (3.5) | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| Obesity‡ (%) | 11.1 (378) | 10.7 (407) | 10.5 (179) | 7.4 (114) | <0.001 | 21.5 (295) | 22.9 (452) | 20.3 (250) | 13.5 (151) | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||||||
| Total study sample | 139.1 (18.9) | 139.3 (16.9) | 138.9 (15.9) | 137.0 (14.8) | <0.001 | 134.9 (19.9) | 134.1 (19.7) | 133.6 (19.4) | 132.3 (19.3) | <0.001 | 0.40 |
| AHT non-users | 137.7 (18.1) | 137.7 (15.8) | 137.4 (15.3) | 135.6 (14.4) | <0.001 | 133.8 (19.4) | 133.1 (19.3) | 132.7 (19.2) | 131.3 (18.9) | <0.001 | 0.43 |
| AHT users§ | 152.6 (22.7) | 153.8 (21.8) | 154.7 (19.4) | 154.4 (17.6) | 0.34 | 145.0 (19.5) | 144.0 (19.3) | 143.9 (17.6) | 143.9 (19.4) | 0.49 | 0.22 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
| Total study sample | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.1) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.0) | 0.31 | <0.001 |
| LLD non-users | 6.3 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.1) | <0.001 | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LLD users¶ | 6.9 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.5) | 6.5 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.0) | 0.008 | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.0) | 4.6 (1.1) | 0.45 | 0.024 |
| Women | n=4419 | n=3854 | n=1515 | n=1614 | n=1713 | n=1981 | n=975 | n=1421 | |||
| Mean age | 54.0 (12.2) | 44.7 (11.1) | 42.3 (9.6) | 42.0 (8.7) | <0.001 | 61.2 (9.3) | 54.3 (10.4) | 50.6 (10.5) | 50.4 (10.2) | <0.001 | |
| Daily smoking (%) | 46.4 (1950) | 37.5 (1637) | 23.6 (428) | 16.0 (323) | <0.001 | 37.7 (503) | 29.8 (509) | 19.1 (173) | 12.0 (167) | <0.001 | 0.67 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (4.6) | 25.0 (4.0) | 24.7 (3.8) | 24.6 (3.6) | <0.001 | 26.4 (4.9) | 26.2 (4.6) | 26.0 (4.6) | 25.5 (4.4) | <0.001 | 0.64 |
| Obesity** (%) | 15.1 (745) | 10.4 (347) | 7.7 ( 98) | 7.7 ( 97) | <0.001 | 19.7 (425) | 18.4 (397) | 16.0 (160) | 14.1 (207) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||||||
| Total study sample | 135.6 (23.9) | 133.7 (18.7) | 132.7 (16.6) | 131.0 (14.9) | <0.001 | 129.5 (24.5) | 126.8 (22.3) | 124.7 (20.4) | 123.3 (20.9) | <0.001 | 0.010 |
| AHT non-users | 132.9 (22.2) | 131.5 (17.7) | 130.5 (16.0) | 128.9 (14.6) | <0.001 | 128.2 (24.5) | 125.0 (21.1) | 123.1 (19.4) | 121.4 (19.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AHT users§ | 162.0 (25.0) | 156.5 (24.7) | 158.6 (19.1) | 156.7 (20.3) | 0.03 | 145.7 (21.8) | 145.3 (21.6) | 142.0 (21.4) | 144.0 (23.1) | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
| Total study sample | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.1) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.0) | 0.57 | <0.001 |
| LLD non-users | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.1) | <0.001 | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LLD users¶ | 7.1 (1.4) | 6.8 (1.0) | 7.1 (0.9) | 6.0 (1.3) | 0.03 | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.0) | 0.91 | 0.036 |
The Tromsø Study.
*Values are mean (SD) or % (number).
†1:≤9 years of schooling; 2:10–12 years of schooling; 3: college/university <4 years; 4: college/university ≥4 years.
‡p, int=p value, difference in in educational trends between Tromsø 4 and Tromsø 6.
§Antihypertensive (AHT) users: men (n=682 and n=1092) and women (n=656 and n=1153) in T4 and T6, respectively.
¶Lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) users: men (n=135 and n=828) and women (n=101 and n=651) in T4 and T6, respectively.
**Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2.
BMI, Body Mass Index.