Mean differences in BMI associated with the characteristics of the home environment, the work environment and a weighted average of home and workplace environments
| Model 1† Mean difference (SE) | p Value for difference | Model 2‡ Mean difference (SE) | p Value for difference | Model 3‡ Mean difference (SE) | Model 4§ Mean difference (SE) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census tract measures | |||||||
| Neighbourhood SES¶ | Home | −0.658 (0.160)** | 0.047 | −0.652 (0.180)** | 0.016 | −0.674 (0.186)** | |
| Workplace | −0.226 (0.147) | 0.039 (0.161) | 0.032 (0.162) | ||||
| Interaction | 0.068 (0.141) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.550 (0.159)** | ||||||
| GIS-based measures | |||||||
| Recreational facilities†† | Home | −0.363 (0.117)** | 0.052 | −0.295 (0.139)** | 0.132 | −0.334 (0.180)* | |
| Workplace | −0.113 (0.053)** | −0.030 (0.062) | −0.048 (0.082) | ||||
| Interaction | 0.010 (0.029) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.305 (0.106)** | ||||||
| Healthy food stores†† | Home | −0.513 (0.307)* | 0.809 | −0.133 (0.457) | 0.749 | 0.051 (0.618) | |
| Workplace | −0.617 (0.300)** | −0.401 (0.445) | −0.249 (0.566) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.218 (0.501) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.544 (0.334) | ||||||
| Survey-based measures | |||||||
| Aesthetic quality‡‡ | Home | −0.013 (0.197) | 0.668 | 0.081 (0.279) | 0.542 | 0.036 (0.298) | |
| Workplace | −0.130 (0.189) | −0.181 (0.253) | −0.166 (0.254) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.099 (0.183) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.056 (0.217) | ||||||
| Safety‡‡ | Home | −0.161 (0.199) | 0.346 | −0.020 (0.221) | 0.291 | −0.020 (0.221) | |
| Workplace | −0.417 (0.185)** | −0.396 (0.206)* | −0.394 (0.206)* | ||||
| Interaction | 0.038 (0.182) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.292 (0.210) | ||||||
| Social cohesion‡‡ | Home | −0.143 (0.187) | 0.463 | −0.014 (0.221) | 0.384 | −0.036 (0.222) | |
| Workplace | −0.335 (0.183)* | −0.334 (0.209) | −0.315 (0.210) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.182 (0.157) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.231 (0.208) | ||||||
| Walking environment‡‡ | Home | −0.677 (0.205)** | 0.977 | −0.385 (0.262) | 0.922 | −0.292 (0.277) | |
| Workplace | −0.669 (0.187)** | −0.430 (0.245)* | −0.384 (0.249) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.203 (0.178) | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.716 (0.208)** | ||||||
| Healthy food availability‡‡ | Home | −0.374 (0.195)* | 0.658 | −0.110 (0.254) | 0.516 | −0.107 (0.252) | |
| Workplace | −0.494 (0.188)** | −0.407 (0.253) | −0.352 (0.250) | ||||
| Interaction | −0.453 (0.168)** | ||||||
| Weighted | −0.420 (0.207)** | ||||||
All models are adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity, income and education.
*p<0.10.
**p<0.05.
†Two-level hierarchical models with home and workplace neighbourhood characteristics in separate models.
‡Cross-classified models with home and workplace neighbourhood characteristics in the same model. This is additionally adjusted for distance in miles between the home and the workplace.
§Cross-classified models for home and workplace neighbourhood characteristics with additional adjustment for distance in miles between the home and the workplace. These models used time-weighted summary measures of each person's exposure by calculating weighted averages of the home and workplace measures, with weights representing the proportion of hours during the week spent at each location.
¶SE unit increase.
††1-mile kernel density. Ten businesses per square mile increase.
‡‡1-mile mean. SE unit increase.
BMI, body mass index; GIS, Geographic Information System; SES, socioeconomic status.