Table 3

Adjusted differences in cord leptin between Pakistani and White British infants

Adjusted* difference in cord leptin for Pakistani-origin infants relative to White British-origin infants. Values are ratios of geometric means (95% CI)
Pakistani subgroups defined by place of birth of parents†
All Pakistani births, N=775Pakistani: both parents UK born, N=75Pakistani: mum only UK born, N=245Pakistani: dad only UK born, N=211Pakistani: both parents South Asian born, N=174Pakistani: other, N=70
Unadjusted cord leptin, N=13871.11 (1.01 to 1.21)
N=775
1.10 (0.89 to 1.33)
N=75
1.20 (1.06 to 1.36)
N=245
1.07 (0.94 to 1.22)
N=211
1.07 (0.93 to 1.23)
N=174
1.01 (0.83 to 1.24)
N=70
Adjusted cord leptin‡, N=11861.03 (0.92 to 1.14)
N=617
1.16 (0.93 to 1.45)
N=58
1.09 (0.94 to 1.26)
N=188
1.02 (0.88 to 1.18)
N=174
0.99 (0.85 to 1.17)
N=137
0.84 (0.67 to 1.04)
N=60
Cord leptin‡ (also with adjustment for birth weight) N=11861.30 (1.17 to 1.44)
N=617
1.43 (1.17 to 1.76)
N=58
1.33 (1.16 to 1.52)
N=188
1.30 (1.14 to 1.49)
N=174
1.26 (1.08 to 1.46)
N=137
1.16 (0.95 to 1.43)
N=60
  • Values are ratios of geometric means (95% CI).

  • *BMI, body mass index.

  • †Each of these generational subgroups is compared with the White British reference group.

  • ‡To maintain statistical power, only those covariables that had an effect were included in the final model: smoking; maternal fasting glucose; maternal postload glucose; maternal fasting insulin; maternal BMI; and living with a partner.