Estimated effect of free school breakfast programme on children's educational and other outcomes
| Outcome (measurement range) | Effect* (intervention vs control phase) | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p Value |
| School attendance rate (0%–100%) | 0.25 | −0.82 | 1.32 | 0.65 |
| Self-reported reading grades (1–5) | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.19 | 0.38 |
| Sense of belonging (1–4) | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.04 | 0.53 |
| Total SDQ score (0–40) | −0.10 | −0.69 | 0.48 | 0.73 |
| Short-term satiety (0–150) | 8.56 | 3.42 | 13.69 | 0.001 |
| Food security (study child) | 0.92 | 0.70 | 1.22 | 0.55 |
| Food security (all children in household) | 0.89 | 0.67 | 1.18 | 0.43 |
↵* A linear mixed model was used on continuous outcomes to estimate the treatment difference in means, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity and school terms (ie, secular trend). School was fitted as a random effect to adjust for the cluster effect and the variability across schools. A generalised linear mixed model was used on binary outcomes to estimate the OR and its 95% CI.
SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.