Comparison of neighbourhood characteristics of home and workplaces by quartiles of distance between home and work addresses
| N | Distance in miles | Home mean (SD) | Workplace mean (SD) | Difference† mean (SD) | p Value* | Spearman correlation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census tract measures | |||||||
| Neighbourhood SES‡ | 323 | 0.0–1.7 | 1.41 (1.56) | 1.51 (1.52) | −0.10 (0.99) | 0.0107 | 0.76 |
| 334 | 1.7–4.0 | 0.78 (1.29) | 1.07 (1.44) | −0.28 (1.33) | 0.41 | ||
| 349 | 4.0–7.9 | 0.86 (1.20) | 1.30 (1.44) | −0.44 (1.68) | 0.14 | ||
| 356 | 7.9–89.2 | 0.74 (1.09) | 1.08 (1.40) | −0.35 (1.67) | 0.15 | ||
| Population density (per square mile) | 373 | 0.0–1.7 | 2640 (2748) | 1847 (2121) | 794 (1798) | <0.0001 | 0.82 |
| 370 | 1.7–4.0 | 1700 (2496) | 1287 (1889) | 413 (1758) | 0.76 | ||
| 368 | 4.0–7.9 | 1216 (1941) | 983 (1749) | 233 (1513) | 0.67 | ||
| 366 | 7.9–89.2 | 739 (1293) | 680 (1185) | 59 (1241) | 0.39 | ||
| GIS-based measures§ | |||||||
| Recreational facilities | 375 | 0.0–1.7 | 13.22 (14.97) | 16.18 (21.45) | −2.96 (10.26) | 0.0001 | 0.86 |
| 375 | 1.7–4.0 | 8.03 (13.13) | 15.04 (29.42) | −7.01 (21.30) | 0.66 | ||
| 372 | 4.0–7.9 | 6.24 (12.46) | 16.91 (32.00) | −10.67 (31.25) | 0.43 | ||
| 368 | 7.9–89.2 | 3.71 (6.37) | 12.19 (23.25) | −8.48 (23.50) | 0.30 | ||
| Healthy food stores | 375 | 0.0–1.7 | 4.70 (5.08) | 4.73 (4.70) | −0.04 (2.53) | <0.0001 | 0.87 |
| 375 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.89 (5.80) | 3.80 (5.15) | 0.09 (3.56) | 0.65 | ||
| 372 | 4.0–7.9 | 2.39 (4.31) | 3.33 (5.24) | −0.94 (3.94) | 0.51 | ||
| 368 | 7.9–89.2 | 1.39 (2.58) | 2.46 (3.91) | −1.07 (3.29) | 0.28 | ||
| Survey-based measures¶ | |||||||
| Aesthetic quality¶ | 347 | 0.0–1.7 | 3.46 (0.41) | 3.45 (0.39) | 0.01 (0.14) | <0.0001 | 0.89 |
| 284 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.60 (0.46) | 3.56 (0.43) | 0.04 (0.34) | 0.69 | ||
| 217 | 4.0–7.9 | 3.85 (0.41) | 3.64 (0.38) | 0.20 (0.43) | 0.41 | ||
| 96 | 7.9–89.2 | 4.01 (0.29) | 3.55 (0.39) | 0.46 (0.49) | 0.04 | ||
| Safety¶ | 347 | 0.0–1.7 | 3.57 (0.41) | 3.58 (0.41) | −0.01 (0.14) | <0.0001 | 0.93 |
| 284 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.62 (0.41) | 3.64 (0.43) | −0.02 (0.39) | 0.58 | ||
| 217 | 4.0–7.9 | 3.76 (0.42) | 3.66 (0.48) | 0.10 (0.65) | −0.09 | ||
| 96 | 7.9–89.2 | 3.90 (0.38) | 3.62 (0.52) | 0.28 (0.66) | −0.00 | ||
| Social cohesion¶ | 347 | 0.0–1.7 | 3.43 (0.22) | 3.44 (0.22) | −0.01 (0.09) | <0.0001 | 0.90 |
| 287 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.50 (0.29) | 3.50 (0.26) | −0.00 (0.25) | 0.55 | ||
| 220 | 4.0–7.9 | 3.63 (0.29) | 3.54 (0.27) | 0.09 (0.35) | 0.23 | ||
| 96 | 7.9–89.2 | 3.70 (0.27) | 3.48 (0.31) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.02 | ||
| Walking environment¶ | 347 | 0.0–1.7 | 4.06 (0.38) | 4.08 (0.37) | −0.02 (0.14) | 0.7897 | 0.86 |
| 284 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.86 (0.28) | 3.96 (0.31) | −0.10 (0.30) | 0.40 | ||
| 217 | 4.0–7.9 | 3.93 (0.32) | 3.97 (0.36) | −0.04 (0.35) | 0.34 | ||
| 96 | 7.9–89.2 | 3.87 (0.26) | 3.91 (0.38) | −0.04 (0.38) | 0.39 | ||
| Healthy food availability¶ | 347 | 0.0–1.7 | 3.69 (0.54) | 3.68 (0.54) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.0186 | 0.93 |
| 284 | 1.7–4.0 | 3.36 (0.46) | 3.46 (0.51) | −0.10 (0.49) | 0.47 | ||
| 217 | 4.0–7.9 | 3.42 (0.58) | 3.47 (0.60) | −0.05 (0.54) | 0.57 | ||
| 96 | 7.9–89.2 | 3.41 (0.44) | 3.53 (0.55) | −0.13 (0.56) | 0.48 | ||
*p Value is the test for trend from an ANOVA model with the difference as the outcome.
†Difference is Home-Workplace.
‡Higher value indicates a more favourable environment.
§1-mile kernel densities. Number per square mile.
¶1-mile mean. Higher value indicates a more favourable environment.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; GIS, Geographic Information System; SES, socioeconomic status.