Association between sample characteristics and parenting stress scale and social capital at baseline
| Parenting stress scale (total) | Child-related stress scale | Mother-related stress scale | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | F | p Value | Mean (SD) | F | p Value | Mean (SD) | F | p Value | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||
| Mother's age (years) | |||||||||
| <24 | 34.2 (7.4) | 0.40 | 0.75 | 20.2 (4.5) | 0.58 | 0.63 | 14.0 (3.7) | 2.18 | 0.090 |
| 25–29 | 35.5 (8.2) | 20.4 (5.3) | 15.1 (4.2) | ||||||
| 30–34 | 36.2 (8.9) | 20.3 (5.5) | 15.9 (4.3) | ||||||
| 35+ | 35.6 (9.4) | 19.4 (5.4) | 16.2 (4.8) | ||||||
| Working status before or during pregnancy | |||||||||
| House wife | 34.7 (9.0) | 1.67 | 0.19 | 19.2 (5.3) | 3.18 | 0.043 | 15.5 (4.5) | 0.48 | 0.62 |
| Part-time working | 36.6 (8.6) | 20.5 (5.5) | 16.1 (4.3) | ||||||
| Full-time working | 36.4 (8.4) | 20.8 (5.2) | 15.6 (4.2) | ||||||
| Current working status | |||||||||
| Working | 33.2 (7.6) | 0.75 | 0.39 | 18.4 (3.3) | 0.92 | 0.34 | 14.8 (4.7) | 0.29 | 0.59 |
| Not working | 35.9 (8.7) | 20.2 (5.5) | 15.6 (4.3) | ||||||
| Child's characteristics | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Girl | 34.8 (8.2) | 3.83 | 0.051 | 19.6 (5.3) | 3.34 | 0.069 | 15.2 (4.2) | 2.72 | 0.10 |
| Boy | 36.6 (9.0) | 20.7 (5.5) | 16.0 (4.4) | ||||||
| Infant's age at first survey (week) | |||||||||
| <4 | 34.6 (8.9) | 0.66 | 0.52 | 19.8 (5.4) | 0.24 | 0.79 | 14.9 (4.5) | 1.26 | 0.29 |
| 4 to <8 | 36.0 (8.7) | 20.3 (5.4) | 15.7 (4.3) | ||||||
| 8+ | 36.3 (8.7) | 20.2 (5.4) | 16.1 (4.3) | ||||||
| Infant's age at second survey (week) | |||||||||
| <16 | 35.9 (9.0) | 0.01 | 0.99 | 20.4 (5.7) | 0.07 | 0.93 | 15.6 (4.4) | 0.03 | 0.97 |
| 16 to <20 | 35.8 (8.8) | 20.2 (5.5) | 15.6 (4.4) | ||||||
| 20+ | 35.7 (8.2) | 20.0 (4.6) | 15.8 (4.2) | ||||||
| Preterm birth | |||||||||
| <37 | 43.3 (15.3) | 6.96 | 0.009 | 24.2 (8.6) | 5.01 | 0.026 | 19.2 (7.0) | 6.25 | 0.013 |
| 37+ | 35.6 (8.4) | 20.1 (5.3) | 15.5 (4.2) | ||||||
| Low birth weight | |||||||||
| <2500 | 36.8 (11.6) | 0.34 | 0.56 | 21.1 (6.8) | 0.83 | 0.36 | 15.7 (5.4) | <0.001 | 0.97 |
| 2500+ | 35.7 (8.4) | 20.1 (5.3) | 15.6 (4.2) | ||||||
| Family characteristics | |||||||||
| Number of children | |||||||||
| 1 | 37.9 (8.4) | 13.1 | <0.001 | 21.9 (5.2) | 22.6 | <0.001 | 15.9 (4.2) | 2.79 | 0.063 |
| 2 | 34.7 (8.5) | 19.1 (4.9) | 15.7 (4.5) | ||||||
| 3+ | 31.3 (7.8) | 17.0 (4.9) | 14.2 (4.3) | ||||||
| Type of house | |||||||||
| Detached house | 34.3 (8.6) | 8.53 | 0.004 | 18.9 (5.3) | 16.4 | <0.001 | 15.4 (4.4) | 0.76 | 0.38 |
| Apartment/condominium building | 37.0 (8.5) | 21.1 (5.2) | 15.8 (4.3) | ||||||
| Location | |||||||||
| I city | 36.3 (9.1) | 1.19 | 0.28 | 20.3 (5.6) | 0.09 | 0.77 | 16.0 (4.4) | 3.34 | 0.069 |
| K city | 35.3 (8.3) | 20.1 (5.2) | 15.2 (4.2) | ||||||
| Length of living in the current city (year) | |||||||||
| <10 | 35.9 (8.5) | 0.48 | 0.62 | 20.2 (5.2) | 0.41 | 0.67 | 15.7 (4.3) | 0.48 | 0.62 |
| 10 to <20 | 33.9 (9.0) | 19.2 (5.6) | 14.8 (4.0) | ||||||
| 20+ | 35.8 (9.1) | 20.3 (5.9) | 15.5 (4.6) | ||||||
| Living with grandmother, grandfather or relatives | |||||||||
| Yes | 34.6 (8.8) | 1.69 | 0.19 | 19.1 (5.3) | 3.31 | 0.070 | 15.5 (4.5) | 0.12 | 0.73 |
| No | 36.1 (8.7) | 20.4 (5.4) | 15.7 (4.3) | ||||||
| Subjective economic status | |||||||||
| Stable | 33.7 (8.0) | 3.09 | 0.027 | 18.9 (5.2) | 2.87 | 0.036 | 14.8 (4.0) | 2.11 | 0.099 |
| Fairly stable | 36.9 (8.9) | 20.8 (5.4) | 16.1 (4.5) | ||||||
| Barely maintaining | 35.2 (8.8) | 20.0 (5.4) | 15.1 (4.3) | ||||||
| Struggling | 37.0 (8.2) | 21.0 (5.4) | 16.0 (4.3) | ||||||
| Social trust | |||||||||
| Not at all | 39.5 (8.6) | 7.46 | <0.001 | 22.0 (5.4) | 5.55 | 0.001 | 17.1 (4.6) | 6.33 | <0.001 |
| Rarely | 37.4 (8.6) | 21.1 (5.5) | 16.4 (4.4) | ||||||
| Some | 34.5 (8.5) | 19.5 (5.3) | 15.0 (4.1) | ||||||
| Very | 31.9 (7.4) | 18.1 (4.6) | 13.8 (3.7) | ||||||
| Sense of security | |||||||||
| Not at all | 38.4 (10.5) | 6.36 | <0.001 | 20.2 (5.9) | 5.09 | 0.002 | 18.2 (5.3) | 5.67 | <0.001 |
| Rarely | 38.3 (8.6) | 21.7 (5.4) | 16.7 (4.4) | ||||||
| Some | 36.0 (8.6) | 20.3 (5.4) | 15.7 (4.3) | ||||||
| Very | 32.0 (7.7) | 18.1 (4.9) | 14.0 (3.7) | ||||||
| Perceived emotional support scale from others | |||||||||
| <7 | 37.6 (9.2) | 7.02 | 0.008 | 21.1 (5.7) | 4.44 | 0.036 | 16.5 (4.7) | 7.26 | 0.007 |
| 8+ | 34.9 (8.4) | 19.7 (5.3) | 15.2 (4.1) | ||||||
Values in bold are significant at the p=0.05 level.