Body mass index | Waist-to-height ratio | Waist-to-hip ratio | ||||
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
Rural sample | ||||||
Individual level | ||||||
Intercept | 2.85 (0.21)*** | 3.45 (0.22)*** | 16.59 (0.65)*** | 16.52 (0.61)*** | 50.59 (1.15)*** | 46.76 (1.25)*** |
Baseline anthropometric | −0.13 (0.01)*** | −0.15 (0.01)*** | −0.32 (0.01)*** | −0.35 (0.01)*** | −0.60 (0.01)*** | −0.55 (0.01)*** |
Year 2004 (ref = 2000) | −0.13 (0.05)* | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.57 (0.14)*** | −0.51 (0.13)*** | −0.50 (0.16)** | −0.36 (0.16)* |
Age | −0.13 (0.05)** | −0.32 (0.04)*** | 0.71 (0.13)*** | 0.12 (0.11) | 1.17 (0.15)*** | 0.30 (0.14)* |
Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
Junior high | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.31 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.15) | −0.60 (0.20)** | 0.20 (0.19) |
Senior high | −0.06 (0.10) | −0.02 (0.08) | −0.37 (0.25) | 0.10 (0.20) | −1.02 (0.31)*** | 0.17 (0.25) |
Household income | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.13 (0.12) |
Currently married (ref = no) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.20) | 0.51 (0.19)** | 0.39 (0.24) | 0.57 (0.23)* |
Drinking (ref = no) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.05)** | 0.03 (0.23) | 0.29 (0.13)* | 0.17 (0.28) | 0.74 (0.17)*** |
Smoking (ref = no) | −0.06 (0.12) | −0.11 (0.05)* | −0.47 (0.31) | −0.26 (0.13)* | 0.34 (0.37) | −0.09 (0.17) |
Heavy PA (ref = no) | 0.20 (0.06)** | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.16) | −0.13 (0.15) | −0.15 (0.19) | −0.28 (0.19) |
Neighbourhood level | ||||||
Number of fast-food restaurants at t | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.23) | 0.55 (0.21)** | 0.22 (0.28) | 0.34 (0.28) |
Change in number of fast-food restaurants from t to t +1 | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.18) | 0.21 (0.16) | −0.20 (0.22) | 0.18 (0.22) |
Population at t | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.10) | −0.23 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.13) |
Change in population from t to t +1 | −0.09 (0.03)** | −0.06 (0.03)* | −0.11 (0.08) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.25 (0.10)* | −0.05 (0.09) |
Urbanicity index | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.36 (0.14)* | −0.12 (0.13) | −0.30 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.16) |
Region (ref = south) | ||||||
Northeast | 0.31 (0.10)** | 0.36 (0.09)*** | 0.37 (0.31) | 0.90 (0.27)*** | 0.19 (0.40) | 1.07 (0.33)** |
Coastal | 0.30 (0.10)** | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.47 (0.31) | 0.63 (0.27)* | −0.03 (0.40) | 0.60 (0.34) |
Inland | 0.23 (0.09)** | 0.22 (0.08)** | 0.80 (0.28)** | 1.08 (0.25)*** | 0.67 (0.36) | 1.27 (0.30)*** |
N | 6277 | 5861 | 6305 | 5895 | 6331 | 5953 |
Urban sample | ||||||
Individual level | ||||||
Intercept | 3.71 (0.36)*** | 3.70 (0.36)*** | 18.44 (1.03)*** | 17.51 (1.06)*** | 48.74 (1.75)*** | 52.67 (1.97)*** |
Baseline anthropometric | −0.15 (0.01)*** | −0.14 (0.01)*** | −0.36 (0.02)*** | −0.34 (0.02)*** | −0.59 (0.02)*** | −0.61 (0.02)*** |
Year 2004 (ref = 2000) | −0.23 (0.09)** | −0.43 (0.09)*** | 0.26 (0.23) | −0.21 (0.22) | 0.10 (0.28) | −0.11 (0.28) |
Age | −0.01 (0.07) | −0.28 (0.07)*** | 1.26 (0.19)*** | 0.22 (0.17) | 1.89 (0.23)*** | 0.57 (0.21)** |
Education (ref = no/primary) | ||||||
Junior high | 0.05 (0.12) | −0.04 (0.13) | −0.24 (0.31) | −0.30 (0.31) | −0.15 (0.38) | −0.38 (0.39) |
Senior high | −0.32 (0.13)* | −0.21 (0.13) | −1.00 (0.32)** | −0.59 (0.31) | −0.70 (0.39) | −0.25 (0.39) |
Household income | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.11 (0.12) | −0.25 (0.12)* | −0.05 (0.15) | −0.04 (0.15) |
Married (ref = no) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.27) | 0.00 (0.30) | 0.24 (0.32) | 0.56 (0.37) |
Drinking (ref = no) | 0.14 (0.13) | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.33) | −0.02 (0.21) | 0.69 (0.41) | 0.54 (0.26)* |
Smoking (ref = no) | −0.57 (0.24)* | −0.05 (0.09) | −0.46 (0.60) | −0.06 (0.21) | −0.14 (0.75) | −0.27 (0.26) |
Heavy PA (ref = no) | 0.08 (0.24) | 0.02 (0.20) | −0.03 (0.61) | 0.09 (0.47) | 0.91 (0.73) | 0.61 (0.58) |
Neighbourhood level | ||||||
Number of fast-food restaurants at t | −0.18 (0.08)* | −0.04 (0.08) | −0.16 (0.23) | 0.28 (0.20) | −0.51 (0.29) | 0.28 (0.27) |
Change in number of fast-food restaurants from t to t +1 | −0.04 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.19) | 0.36 (0.17)* | −0.19 (0.23) | 0.20 (0.21) |
Population at t | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.11) | −0.02 (0.10) | −0.08 (0.14) | 0.04 (0.13) |
Change in population from t to t +1 | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.10) |
Urbanicity index | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.13) | −0.42 (0.37) | −0.06 (0.33) | 0.08 (0.45) | 0.20 (0.43) |
Region (ref = south) | ||||||
Northeast | 0.40 (0.17)* | 0.27 (0.16) | 0.16 (0.58) | 0.57 (0.45) | 0.36 (0.68) | 1.11 (0.62) |
Coastal | 0.33 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.16) | 0.21 (0.58) | 0.18 (0.46) | −1.05 (0.68) | −0.39 (0.62) |
Inland | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.30 (0.14)* | 0.54 (0.52) | 0.65 (0.41) | 0.86 (0.61) | 1.23 (0.56)* |
N | 2915 | 2564 | 2924 | 2577 | 2889 | 2521 |
*p<0.05, **p<0.001, ***p<0.001 (Bayesian p values, truncated to these standard classical cutpoints for significance).
Numbers in parentheses are SEs.
PA, physical activity.