Proportion of under-5 deaths (%) by determinant in the 13 countries (Demographic and Health Surveys 2007–2010)
| DRCongo 2007 | Egypt 2008 | Ghana 2008 | Kenya 2008/2009 | Lesotho 2009/2010 | Liberia 2007 | Madagascar 2008/2009 | Malawi 2010 | Nigeria 2008 | Sao Tome & Principe 2008/2009 | Sierra Leone 2008 | Tanzania 2009/2010 | Zambia 2007 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (103) | 9.0 | 10.9 | 3.0 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 12.4 | 20.0 | 28.7 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 6.4 |
| All | 11.0 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 8.6 | 11.1 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 6.2 | 8.9 |
| Quintile of household wealth index | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 13.5 | 3.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 6.4 | 8.3 |
| 2 | 13.1 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 12.0 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 9.6 | 13.0 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 8.5 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 2.4 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 5.2 | 8.3 | 11.6 | 3.5 | 10.1 | 6.9 | 8.8 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 2.3 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 12.5 | 8.7 | 5.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 3.9 | 9.7 | 5.4 | 10.3 |
| 5 (richest) | 6.4 | 1.6 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 2.7 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 9.1 |
| Skilled birth attendance | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 8.4 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 4.7 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 3.4 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 9.0 |
| No | 12.1 | 2.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 12.4 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 8.9 | 11.9 | 2.7 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 8.6 |
| Sex of the child | |||||||||||||
| Female | 10.2 | 2.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 7.5 | 10.5 | 1.9 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 7.9 |
| Male | 11.9 | 2.8 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 7.2 | 10.1 | 7.0 | 9.9 |
| Birth order and preceding birth interval | |||||||||||||
| First | 12.5 | 2.4 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 2.4 | 12.1 | 7.0 | 10.2 |
| 2–4 short | 14.0 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 9.0 | 14.8 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 12.4 | 15.1 | 5.4 | 14.6 | 8.4 | 13.4 |
| 2–4 long | 8.4 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 4.0 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 8.0 |
| 5+ short | 18.3 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 9.5 | 24.8 | 12.3 | 10.2 | 17.2 | 20.8 | 27.0 | 22.3 | 8.1 | 13.4 |
| 5+ long | 9.2 | 3.6 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 13.8 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 11.3 | 5.8 | 9.2 | 4.9 | 7.0 |
| Mother's age at birth | |||||||||||||
| 20+ | 10.8 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 11.5 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 5.7 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 8.4 |
| <20 | 11.3 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 5.3 | 8.3 | 11.8 | 3.2 | 10.7 | 6.5 | 9.6 |
| Type of residence | |||||||||||||
| Urban | 8.7 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 8.5 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 11.9 | 7.8 | 9.9 |
| Rural | 12.5 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 8.4 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 8.5 |
| Mother's education | |||||||||||||
| Primary or higher | 8.5 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 8.4 |
| No | 13.0 | 2.6 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 8.8 | 13.0 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 6.4 | 9.3 |
| Father's education | |||||||||||||
| Primary or higher | 10.2 | 2.3 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 9.4 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 8.4 |
| No | 12.5 | 3.0 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 5.8 | 8.8 | 13.2 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 5.9 | 9.9 |
| Mother's occupation | |||||||||||||
| Other | 8.9 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 11.7 | 8.6 | 4.6 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 3.5 | 9.8 | 6.4 | 9.4 |
| Household | 9.5 | 2.5 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 11.2 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 8.5 |
| Agriculture | 12.5 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 11.4 | 13.0 | 10.4 | 5.8 | 9.1 |
| Father's occupation | |||||||||||||
| Other | 8.8 | 2.2 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 3.8 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 8.9 |
| Household | 10.9 | 4.2 | 11.4 | 7.0 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 3.4 | 10.4 | 11.0 | 6.1 | 10.7 | 4.6 | 9.6 |
| Agriculture | 12.8 | 2.9 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 11.9 | 8.6 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 12.4 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 6.0 | 9.0 |
| Region | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 6.7 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 7.7 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 1.7 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 12.6 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 12.8 | 2.8 | 10.3 | 4.7 | 7.7 |
| 3 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 8.2 | 10.5 | 4.1 | 9.0 | 13.5 | 3.6 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 10.3 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 5.3 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 11.1 | 2.6 | 11.6 | 6.3 | 8.0 | |
| 5 | 10.7 | 5.8 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 5.0 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 10.3 | ||||
| 6 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 11.0 | 8.0 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 4.7 | 10.6 | ||||
| 7 | 14.3 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 7.0 | |||||||
| 8 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 7.8 | |||||||
| 9 | 15.1 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 8.4 | ||||||||
| 10 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 9.9 | 3.5 | |||||||||
| 11 | 10.2 | 8.6 | |||||||||||
| 12 | 6.2 | ||||||||||||
| 13 | 3.3 | ||||||||||||
| 14 | 5.8 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 6.3 | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 7.8 | ||||||||||||
| 17 | 5.4 | ||||||||||||
| 18 | 6.6 | ||||||||||||
| 19 | 5.7 | ||||||||||||
| 20 | 12.3 | ||||||||||||
| 21 | 2.9 | ||||||||||||
| 22 | 5.2 | ||||||||||||
| 23 | 6.9 | ||||||||||||
Reference categories used in the multivariate regression model are italicised. Proportions differing significantly (p<0.01, χ2 test) are in bold.
Occupation other: Prof., Tech., Manag., Clerical, Sales, Services, Skilled manual, other. Household: Did not work, Household & Domestic, Unskilled manual, None. Agriculture: Agric-self-employed, Agric-employee.