HRs and 95% CIs for the risk of disability pension 1991–2002 by level of education in 1990: adjusted for single and combined factors in late adolescence (ie, IQ, health-related lifestyle factors, psychiatric diagnosis and musculoskeletal diagnosis) and work characteristics (ie, job control and physical strain at work) in adulthood
| Adjustment* | Level of education (years) | ||||
| ≥15 (ref.) | 14 | 12–13 | 10–11 | ≤9 | |
| None | 1 | 1.46 (1.15 to 1.87) | 2.00 (1.61 to 2.48) | 3.46 (2.85 to 4.19) | 3.96 (2.27 to 4.80) |
| IQ | 1 | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.70) | 1.66 (1.33 to 2.07) | 2.39 (1.95 to 2.93) | 2.39 (1.94 to 2.95) |
| 28%* | 34% | 44% | 53% | ||
| Health-related lifestyle factors† | 1 | 1.42 (1.11 to 1.81) | 1.88 (1.51 to 2.33) | 3.07 (2.53 to 3.72) | 3.41 (2.80 to 4.14) |
| 9% | 12% | 16% | 19% | ||
| Psychiatric diagnosis | 1 | 1.46 (1.15 to 1.87) | 1.98 (1.60 to 2.46) | 3.29 (2.71 to 3.99) | 3.66 (3.02 to 4.44) |
| 0% | 2% | 7% | 10% | ||
| Musculoskeletal diagnosis | 1 | 1.47 (1.15 to 1.87) | 2.01 (1.62 to 2.49) | 3.46 (2.86 to 4.20) | 3.95 (3.26 to 4.79) |
| 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| All variables measured in late adolescence‡ | 1 | 1.31 (1.02 to 1.67) | 1.61 (1.29 to 2.01) | 2.18 (1.77 to 2.67) | 2.11 (1.71 to 2.60) |
| 33% | 39% | 52% | 63% | ||
| Low job control | 1 | 1.41 (1.10 to 1.80) | 1.70 (1.36 to 2.11) | 2.59 (2.12 to 3.16) | 2.71 (2.21 to 3.32) |
| 11% | 30% | 35% | 42% | ||
| High physical strain at work | 1 | 1.40 (1.09 to 1.79) | 1.72 (1.38 to 2.14) | 2.68 (2.19 to 3.29) | 2.92 (2.37 to 3.60) |
| 13% | 28% | 32% | 35% | ||
| All work characteristics§ | 1 | 1.36 (1.06 to 1.74) | 1.64 (1.32 to 2.06) | 2.48 (2.01 to 3.05) | 2.58 (2.09 to 3.20) |
| 22% | 36% | 40% | 47% | ||
| All variables | 1 | 1.26 (0.98 to 1.61) | 1.43 (1.14 to 1.79) | 1.77 (1.43 to 2.21) | 1.64 (1.31 to 2.05) |
| 44% | 57% | 69% | 78% | ||
↵* The reduction of the HR after adjustment for each single factor and for factors combined by level of education is expressed in per cent (%) in the table.
↵† Indicators for health-related lifestyle factors were body mass index ≥25, smoking ≥5 cigarettes/day and risky use of alcohol measured in 1969–1970.
↵‡ All factors measured in late adolescence included IQ, health-related lifestyle factors, psychiatric diagnosis and musculoskeletal diagnosis measured in 1969–1970.
↵§ All work characteristics included job control and physical strain at work measured in 1990.