N (%) | EQ-5D utility score, mean (95% CI) | |
Total | 14 100 | 0.851 (0.847 to 0.855) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
<18.5 | 186 (1.3) | 0.879 (0.851 to 0.907) |
18.5 to <25 | 4367 (30.9) | 0.896 (0.891 to 0.902) |
25 to <30 | 4631 (32.8) | 0.873 (0.867 to 0.879) |
30 to <40 | 2849 (20.2) | 0.818 (0.809 to 0.827) |
40+ | 263 (1.9) | 0.715 (0.676 to 0.753) |
Missing | 1804 (12.8) | 0.757 (0.743 to 0.772) |
Alcohol intake | ||
Never-drinker | 4256 (30.2) | 0.818 (0.810 to 0.826) |
≤4 units/day (men) or ≤3 units/day (women) | 4092 (29.0) | 0.857 (0.850 to 0.864) |
>4 and ≤8 (men) or >3 and ≤6 (women) | 2363 (16.7) | 0.887 (0.880 to 0.895) |
>8 units/day (men) or >6 units/day (women) | 2676 (19.0) | 0.897 (0.890 to 0.904) |
Ex-drinker | 629 (4.5) | 0.700 (0.673 to 0.728) |
Missing | 84 (0.6) | 0.914 (0.877 to 0.951) |
Smoking | ||
Never-smoker | 7407 (52.5) | 0.879 (0.874 to 0.883) |
Light <10/day | 955 (6.8) | 0.863 (0.849 to 0.877) |
Moderate 10–<20/day | 1230 (8.7) | 0.828 (0.813 to 0.843) |
Heavy 20+/day | 736 (5.2) | 0.767 (0.745 to 0.789) |
Ex-smoker | 3735 (26.5) | 0.818 (0.810 to 0.826) |
Missing | 37 (0.3) | 0.872 (0.803 to 0.941) |
Fruit and vegetable intake* | ||
5 or more portions/day | 3914 (27.7) | 0.862 (0.855 to 0.869) |
3 to <5 portions/day | 4539 (32.2) | 0.857 (0.851 to 0.864) |
1 <3 potions/day | 4462 (31.6) | 0.847 (0.840 to 0.854) |
<1 portions/day | 1187 (8.4) | 0.811 (0.795 to 0.827) |
Physical activity | ||
5 moderate 30 min episodes a week | 3453 (24.5) | 0.913 (0.908 to 0.918) |
3 vigorous 30 min episodes and 5 moderate 30 min episodes a week | 1101 (7.8) | 0.940 (0.933 to 0.947) |
3 vigorous 30 min episodes a week | 285 (2.0) | 0.945 (0.932 to 0.958) |
Active but not meeting recommended levels | 5870 (41.6) | 0.883 (0.879 to 0.888) |
Inactive | 3346 (23.7) | 0.694 (0.683 to 0.705) |
Missing | 45 (0.3) | 0.918 (0.882 to 0.953) |
Sex | ||
Male | 6270 (44.4) | 0.867 (0.861 to 0.872) |
Female | 7830 (55.5) | 0.839 (0.833 to 0.844) |
Age (years) | ||
16–24 | 1579 (11.2) | 0.938 (0.932 to 0.944) |
25–34 | 2048 (14.5) | 0.918 (0.911 to 0.925) |
35–44 | 2563 (18.2) | 0.897 (0.890 to 0.904) |
45–54 | 2324 (16.5) | 0.856 (0.846 to 0.865) |
55–64 | 2415 (17.1) | 0.818 (0.808 to 0.829) |
65–74 | 1740 (12.3) | 0.779 (0.766 to 0.792) |
75+ | 1431 (10.1) | 0.715 (0.700 to 0.729) |
Ethnic origin* | ||
White | 12 842 (91.0) | 0.850 (0.846 to 0.854) |
Mixed | 142 (1.0) | 0.887 (0.855 to 0.919) |
Indian | 325 (2.3) | 0.880 (0.856 to 0.905) |
Pakistani | 174 (1.2) | 0.804 (0.759 to 0.849) |
Black Caribbean | 130 (0.9) | 0.833 (0.787 to 0.879) |
Black African | 165 (1.2) | 0.900 (0.872 to 0.928) |
Other | 322 (2.3) | 0.861 (0.834 to 0.888) |
Marital status | ||
Single | 2679 (19.0) | 0.897 (0.889 to 0.904) |
Married/civil partnerships | 7457 (52.8) | 0.857 (0.852 to 0.862) |
Separated | 308 (2.2) | 0.789 (0.755 to 0.823) |
Divorced | 963 (6.8) | 0.776 (0.758 to 0.795) |
Widowed | 1102 (7.8) | 0.717 (0.699 to 0.734) |
Cohabitees | 1591 (11.3) | 0.899 (0.890 to 0.908) |
Social class | ||
I | 694 (4.9) | 0.932 (0.923 to 0.942) |
II | 4253 (30.1) | 0.882 (0.876 to 0.889) |
IIN | 3170 (22.5) | 0.852 (0.845 to 0.860) |
IIIM | 2247 (15.9) | 0.824 (0.814 to 0.835) |
IV | 2269 (16.1) | 0.812 (0.801 to 0.823) |
V | 662 (4.7) | 0.801 (0.779 to 0.822) |
Armed forces | 36 (0.3) | 0.889 (0.819 to 0.959) |
Missing | 769 (5.5) | 0.839 (0.820 to 0.858) |
Highest educational qualification* | ||
NVQ4/NVQ5/degree or equivalent | 2795 (19.8) | 0.922 (0.916 to 0.927) |
Higher education below degree | 1596 (11.3) | 0.868 (0.857 to 0.878) |
NVQ3/GCE A level equivalent | 2111 (15.0) | 0.903 (0.896 to 0.911) |
NVQ2/GCE O level equivalent | 3123 (22.1) | 0.866 (0.859 to 0.874) |
NVQ1/CSE other grade equivalent | 694 (4.9) | 0.831 (0.812 to 0.850) |
Foreign/other | 242 (1.7) | 0.816 (0.788 to 0.845) |
No qualification | 3539 (25.1) | 0.750 (0.741 to 0.760) |
Equivalised income | ||
Highest quintile | 2533 (18.0) | 0.927 (0.922 to 0.933) |
2nd highest quintile | 2382 (16.9) | 0.902 (0.895 to 0.908) |
Middle quintile | 2262 (16.0) | 0.855 (0.846 to 0.865) |
2nd lowest quintile | 2284 (16.2) | 0.807 (0.796 to 0.818) |
Lowest quintile | 1944 (13.8) | 0.763 (0.750 to 0.777) |
Missing | 2695 (19.1) | 0.834 (0.825 to 0.843) |
Limiting long-standing illness | ||
No | 10 612 (75.2) | 0.928 (0.925 to 0.930) |
Yes | 3488 (24.7) | 0.618 (0.608 to 0.629) |
↵* Missing cases omitted from the analysis (n<10).