Results of ordinary least squares regressions exploring the relationship between health behavioural risk factors and EQ-5D utility scores
| Model 1 unadjusted | Model 2 partially adjusted | Model 3 fully adjusted | |
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| 18.5 to <25 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| <18.5 | 0.010 (−0.015 to 0.034) | −0.005 (−0.029 to 0.019) | 0.000 (−0.024 to 0.024) |
| 25<30 | −0.019 (−0.026 to −0.011)** | −0.006 (−0.013 to 0.002) | −0.005 (−0.013 to 0.002) |
| 30 to <40 | −0.048 (−0.057 to −0.038)** | −0.033 (−0.043 to −0.023)** | −0.031 (−0.041 to −0.020)** |
| 40+ | −0.124 (−0.158 to −0.090)** | −0.117 (−0.150 to −0.083)** | −0.105 (−0.137 to −0.072)** |
| Missing | −0.080 (−0.094 to −0.066)** | −0.066 (−0.080 to −0.052)** | −0.064 (−0.078 to −0.051)** |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Never-drinker | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| ≤4/day (men) or ≤3/day (women) | 0.018 (0.009 to 0.027)** | 0.028 (0.019 to 0.037)** | 0.013 (0.004 to 0.023) |
| >4 and ≤8(men) or >3 and ≤6(women) | 0.034 (0.024 to 0.043)** | 0.036 (0.026 to 0.046)** | 0.019 (0.009 to 0.029)** |
| >8/day (men) or >6/day (women) | 0.040 (0.030 to 0.050)** | 0.026 (0.016 to 0.036)** | 0.011 (0.001 to 0.021) |
| Ex-drinker | −0.084 (−0.110 to −0.057)** | −0.073 (−0.098 to −0.047)** | −0.074 (−0.099 to −0.048)** |
| Missing | 0.042 (0.016 to 0.068)* | 0.008 (−0.017 to 0.033) | 0.003 (−0.023 to 0.029) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never-smoker | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Light <10/day | −0.034 (−0.048 to −0.021)** | −0.044 (−0.058 to −0.031)** | −0.031 (−0.045 to −0.018)** |
| Moderate 10–<20/day | −0.049 (−0.063 to −0.036)** | −0.055 (−0.068 to −0.041)** | −0.033 (−0.047 to −0.019)** |
| Heavy 20+/day | −0.084 (−0.105 to −0.064)** | −0.087 (−0.107 to −0.067)** | −0.062 (−0.082 to −0.042)** |
| Ex-smoker | −0.046 (−0.055 to −0.038)** | −0.027 (−0.036 to −0.019)** | −0.023 (−0.031 to 0.014)** |
| Missing | 0.005 (−0.051 to 0.061) | −0.022 (−0.074 to 0.029) | 0.008 (−0.060 to 0.043) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake† | |||
| 5 or more portions/day | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 3 to <5 portions/day | 0.011 (0.002 to 0.019) | 0.009 (0.001 to 0.018) | 0.012 (0.004 to 0.021)* |
| 1 to <3 potions/day | 0.009 (0.000 to 0.018) | 0.000 (−0.009 to 0.009) | 0.008 (−0.001 to 0.017) |
| <1 portions/day | −0.008 (−0.024 to 0.009) | −0.023 (−0.039 to −0.007)* | −0.010 (−0.026 to 0.006) |
| Physical activity | |||
| 5 moderate 30 min episodes a week | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 3 vigorous 30 min and 5 moderate 30 min a week | 0.017 (0.009 to 0.025)** | −0.003 (−0.012 to 0.006) | −0.008 (−0.017 to 0.000) |
| 3 vigorous 30 min episodes a week | 0.025 (0.011 to 0.038)** | 0.008 (−0.005 to 0.022) | −0.001 (−0.014 to 0.013) |
| Active but not meeting recommended levels | −0.021 (−0.028 to −0.015)** | −0.014 (−0.020 to −0.007)** | −0.017 (−0.024 to −0.010)** |
| Inactive | −0.177 (−0.189 to −0.164)** | −0.147 (−0.161 to −0.134)** | −0.142 (−0.155 to −0.129)** |
| Missing | 0.017 (−0.018 to 0.051) | 0.019 (−0.013 to 0.052) | 0.021 (−0.013 to 0.055) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | – | Ref | Ref |
| Female | – | −0.016 (−0.023 to −0.009)** | −0.014 (−0.021 to −0.006)** |
| Age (years) | |||
| 16–24 | – | Ref | Ref |
| 25–34 | – | −0.015 (−0.026 to −0.005)* | −0.033 (−0.046 to −0.021)** |
| 35–44 | – | −0.033 (−0.044 to −0.022)** | −0.046 (−0.061 to −0.032)** |
| 45–54 | – | −0.068 (−0.080 to −0.056)** | −0.080 (−0.095 to −0.065)** |
| 55–64 | – | −0.094 (−0.107 to −0.081)** | −0.100 (−0.115 to −0.084)** |
| 65–74 | – | −0.116 (−0.131 to −0.101)** | −0.107 (−0.125 to −0.088)** |
| 75+ | – | −0.138 (−0.155 to −0.122)** | −0.119 (−0.140 to −0.098)** |
| Ethnic origin† | |||
| White | – | – | Ref |
| Mixed | – | – | 0.004 (−0.023 to 0.032) |
| Indian | – | – | 0.007 (−0.015 to 0.028) |
| Pakistani | – | – | −0.038 (−0.085 to 0.008) |
| Black Caribbean | – | – | −0.003 (−0.039 to 0.033) |
| Black African | – | – | 0.042 (0.014 to 0.070)* |
| Other | – | – | −0.006 (−0.030 to 0.018) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | – | – | Ref |
| Married/civil partnerships | – | – | 0.006 (−0.005 to 0.017) |
| Separated | – | – | −0.055 (−0.087 to −0.023)* |
| Divorced | – | – | −0.035 (−0.054 to −0.015)* |
| Widowed | – | – | −0.017 (−0.039 to 0.005) |
| Cohabitees | – | – | −0.005 (−0.017 to 0.007) |
| Social class | |||
| I | – | – | Ref |
| II | – | – | −0.015 (−0.027 to −0.004) |
| IIN | – | – | −0.019 (−0.032 to −0.006) |
| IIIM | – | – | −0.031 (−0.046 to −0.017)** |
| IV | – | – | −0.033 (−0.048 to −0.018)** |
| V | – | – | −0.025 (−0.048 to −0.003) |
| Armed forces | – | – | −0.036 (−0.086 to 0.014) |
| Missing | – | – | −0.042 (−0.062 to −0.022)** |
| Highest educational qualification† | |||
| NVQ4/NVQ5/degree or equivalent | – | – | Ref |
| Higher education below degree | – | – | −0.017 (−0.028 to −0.006)* |
| NVQ3/GCE A level equivalent | – | – | −0.005 (−0.015 to 0.005) |
| NVQ2/GCE O level equivalent | – | – | −0.006 (−0.015 to 0.004) |
| NVQ1/CSE other grade equivalent | – | – | −0.012 (−0.030 to 0.006) |
| Foreign/other | – | – | 0.008 (−0.020 to 0.036) |
| No qualification | – | – | −0.032 (−0.046 to −0.019)** |
| Equivalised income | |||
| Highest quintile | – | – | Ref |
| 2nd highest quintile | – | – | −0.015 (−0.023 to −0.006)* |
| Middle quintile | – | – | −0.023 (−0.033 to −0.012)** |
| 2nd lowest quintile | – | – | −0.051 (−0.063 to −0.038)** |
| Lowest quintile | – | – | −0.071 (−0.086 to −0.057)** |
| Missing | – | – | −0.027 (−0.038 to −0.017)** |
| Constant | 0.937 (0.926 to 0.948) | 0.987 (0.974 to 1.000) | 1.057 (1.040 to 1.074) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.180 | 0.210 | 0.232 |
Model 1: unadjusted; model 2: partially adjusted for age and sex; model 3: fully adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, marital status, social class, educational attainment and equivalised income.
*Significant p<0.05 after Bonferroni adjustment (adjusted α 0.05/5 for model 1; 0.05/7 for model 2; 0.05/12 for model 3).
**Significant p<0.001 after Bonferroni adjustment (adjusted α 0.001/5 for model 1; 0.001/7 for model 2; 0.001/12 for model 3).
↵† Missing cases omitted from the analysis (n<10).