Multilevel regression results of poor health by the number of childhood residential moves made
| M1: age and sex | ICC† | M2: M1 + socio-demographic factors* | ICC† | M3: M1 + number of school moves | ICC† | M4: M1 + socio-demographic factors* and number of school moves | ICC† | |||||
| 1–2 moves | 3+ moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | |||||
| Wave 2 | ||||||||||||
| Physical health measures‡ | ||||||||||||
| BMI | −0.17 (−0.73 to 0.40) | −0.30 (−1.01 to 0.42) | 0.000 | −0.22 (−0.79 to 0.34) | −0.38 (−1.10 to 0.34) | 0.000 | −0.18 (−0.75 to 0.39) | −0.33 (−1.12 to 0.45) | 0.000 | −0.24 (−0.81 to 0.34) | −0.44 (−1.23 to 0.35) | 0.000 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | −0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | −0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | −0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.000 |
| Lung function (L/m2) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.01) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | 0.000 |
| Mid-blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.84 (−0.68 to 2.36) | −0.21 (−2.17 to 1.71) | 0.015 | 0.76 (−0.77 to 2.29) | −0.03 (−2.30 to 1.62) | 0.010 | 0.96 (−0.59 to 2.51) | −0.05 (−2.16 to 2.07) | 0.015 | 0.88 (−0.67 to 2.43) | −0.17 (−1.97 to 0.92) | 0.010 |
| Overall health | ||||||||||||
| Limiting long-term illness | 1.31 (0.74 to 2.31) | 1.67 (0.85 to 3.26) | 0.000 | 1.24 (0.70 to 2.20) | 1.52 (0.77 to 3.01) | 0.000 | 1.35 (0.76 to 2.39) | 1.49 (0.70 to 3.15) | 0.000 | 1.27 (0.71 to 2.27) | 1.34 (0.62 to 2.88) | 0.000 |
| Fair/poor general health§ | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.30) | 0.99 (0.63 to 1.56) | 0.000 | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.28) | 0.98 (0.61 to 1.57) | 0.000 | 0.90 (0.62 to 1.29) | 0.97 (0.59 to 1.60) | 0.000 | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.28) | 0.97 (0.58 to 1.62) | 0.000 |
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||||
| GHQ-12 (3+) | 1.65 (1.15 to 2.37) | 1.60 (1.02 to 2.52) | 0.012 | 1.65 (1.14 to 2.38) | 1.62 (1.02 to 2.57) | 0.003 | 1.60 (1.11 to 2.32) | 1.54 (0.94 to 2.52) | 0.012 | 1.62 (1.11 to 2.35) | 1.58 (0.96 to 2.62) | 0.004 |
| HADS anxiety (11+) | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.45) | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.85) | 0.039 | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.39) | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.85) | 0.013 | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.39) | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.56) | 0.035 | 0.81 (0.49 to 1.33) | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.59) | 0.011 |
| Suicidal ideation§¶ | 1.23 (0.62 to 2.45) | 2.74 (1.29 to 5.80) | 0.046 | 1.19 (0.60 to 2.35) | 2.77 (1.30 to 5.89) | 0.000 | 1.16 (0.58 to 2.33) | 2.11 (0.92 to 4.81) | 0.044 | 1.11 (0.56 to 2.24) | 2.18 (0.95 to 5.01) | 0.000 |
| Health behaviours | ||||||||||||
| Heavy drinking | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.49) | 1.54 (0.82 to 2.89) | 0.000 | 0.91 (0.54 to 1.54) | 1.68 (0.88 to 3.21) | 0.000 | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.51) | 1.43 (0.72 to 2.87) | 0.000 | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.57) | 1.58 (0.77 to 3.22) | 0.000 |
| Illegal drug use** | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.60) | 2.09 (1.32 to 3.32) | 0.000 | 1.11 (0.75 to 1.63) | 2.05 (1.28 to 3.29) | 0.000 | 1.14 (0.77 to 1.67) | 2.46 (1.48 to 4.09) | 0.000 | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.70) | 2.44 (1.45 to 4.10) | 0.000 |
| Smoking | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) | 1.71 (1.09 to 2.69) | 0.019 | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.47) | 1.75 (1.10 to 2.79) | 0.010 | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.41) | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.50) | 0.019 | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.43) | 1.57 (0.94 to 2.62) | 0.011 |
| Wave 5 | ||||||||||||
| Physical health measures‡ | ||||||||||||
| BMI | 0.47 (−0.48 to 1.41) | 0.28 (−0.93 to 1.49) | 0.011 | 0.37 (−0.57 to 1.31) | 0.16 (−1.04 to 1.37) | 0.000 | 0.46 (−0.50 to 1.42) | −0.01 (−1.34 to 1.32) | 0.011 | 0.38 (−0.57 to 1.33) | −0.10 (−1.42 to 1.22) | 0.000 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.03) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 |
| Lung function (L/m2) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.000 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) | 0.000 |
| Mid-blood pressure (mm Hg) | −0.18 (−2.16 to 1.81) | −1.29 (−3.81 to 1.23) | 0.001 | −0.36 (−2.34 to 1.62) | −1.66 (−4.19 to 0.87) | 0.000 | −0.02 (−2.03 to 1.99) | −1.50 (−4.26 to 1.26) | 0.001 | −0.17 (−2.17 to 1.84) | −1.81 (−4.58 to 0.96) | 0.000 |
| Overall health | ||||||||||||
| Limiting long-term illness | 1.38 (0.98 to 1.95) | 1.88 (1.21 to 2.91) | 0.000 | 1.35 (0.95 to 1.92) | 1.80 (1.15 to 2.82) | 0.000 | 1.35 (0.95 to 1.92) | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.54) | 0.000 | 1.32 (0.92 to 1.89) | 1.50 (0.92 to 2.45) | 0.000 |
| Fair/poor general health | 1.33 (0.85 to 2.07) | 1.47 (0.86 to 2.52) | 0.096 | 1.34 (0.86 to 2.10) | 1.52 (0.88 to 2.63) | 0.052 | 1.29 (0.82 to 2.03) | 1.36 (0.76 to 2.45) | 0.097 | 1.32 (0.84 to 2.07) | 1.43 (0.79 to 2.59) | 0.052 |
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||||
| GHQ-12 (3+) | 1.13 (0.73 to 1.76) | 1.49 (0.88 to 2.55) | 0.021 | 1.15 (0.74 to 1.80) | 1.55 (0.90 to 2.67) | 0.002 | 1.10 (0.70 to 1.72) | 1.29 (0.71 to 2.32) | 0.020 | 1.12 (0.72 to 1.77) | 1.35 (0.74 to 2.45) | 0.000 |
| HADS anxiety (11+) | 1.49 (0.89 to 2.49) | 1.66 (0.89 to 3.09) | 0.000 | 1.51 (0.90 to 2.53) | 1.67 (0.89 to 3.14) | 0.000 | 1.52 (0.90 to 2.56) | 1.62 (0.82 to 3.19) | 0.000 | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.61) | 1.63 (0.82 to 3.25) | 0.000 |
| Suicidal ideation¶ | 2.43 (0.93 to 6.33) | 2.80 (0.96 to 8.16) | 0.000 | 2.31 (0.87 to 6.10) | 2.50 (0.84 to 7.46) | 0.000 | 2.48 (0.94 to 6.52) | 2.43 (0.76 to 7.82) | 0.000 | 2.40 (0.90 to 6.41) | 2.25 (0.68 to 7.47) | 0.000 |
| Health behaviours | ||||||||||||
| Heavy drinking | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.55) | 1.56 (0.93 to 2.61) | 0.000 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.59) | 1.60 (0.95 to 2.69) | 0.000 | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.57) | 1.53 (0.87 to 2.68) | 0.000 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.60) | 1.57 (0.88 to 2.78) | 0.000 |
| Illegal drug use** | 1.17 (0.72 to 1.91) | 2.11 (1.19 to 3.76) | 0.041 | 1.10 (0.67 to 1.82) | 1.90 (1.05 to 3.44) | 0.047 | 1.20 (0.73 to 1.97) | 2.12 (1.13 to 3.98) | 0.039 | 1.14 (0.68 to 1.89) | 1.92 (1.00 to 3.69) | 0.044 |
| Smoking | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.39) | 1.39 (0.86 to 2.24) | 0.029 | 0.95 (0.63 to 1.41) | 1.46 (0.89 to 2.40) | 0.011 | 0.96 (0.64 to 1.42) | 1.41 (0.83 to 2.39) | 0.030 | 0.97 (0.65 to 1.46) | 1.53 (0.89 to 2.64) | 0.011 |
The mean difference is shown for physical health measures and ORs are shown for all other health measures. 95% CIs are given in brackets.
The reference category is 0 moves. Statistically significant results are given in bold.
↵* Socio-demographic variables adjusted for are area-level deprivation, housing tenure, head of household social class, family structure and number of siblings.
↵† Intraclass correlation coefficient (area-level variance as a proportion of the total variance). Individual variance is approximated by π2/3.31
↵‡ There were missing values for BMI (11 at wave 2 and 20 at wave 5), waist:hip ratio (2 at wave 2 and 25 at wave 5), lung function (10 at wave 2 and 35 at wave 5) and mid-blood pressure (1 at wave 2 and 2 at wave 5).
↵§ There was one missing response to the general health question and 12 missing responses to the question about suicidal ideation at wave 2.
↵¶ At wave 2, the question asked ‘have you ever thought about taking an overdose or injuring yourself’, while at wave 5, the response relates to whether the respondent has thought about doing so in the last 5 years.
↵** At wave 2, the question asked ‘have you ever tried drugs’, while at wave 5, the response relates to whether the respondent has taken drugs in the last year.
BMI, body mass index; GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire.