Table 1

Distribution of experienced racism, markers of childhood development and covariates by ethnicity

	Indian (n=416)	Pakistani (n=716)	Bangladeshi (n=294)	Black Caribbean (n=348)	Black African (n=362)
Racism and discrimination
Racism in area is fairly/very common	8.7	10.1	17.9	12.8	14.9
Received insults	23.2	25.1	22.1	24.1	21.3
Unfair treatment	15.7	16.9	16.9	26.6	27.2
Disrespectful treatment from shop staff	15.2	14.5	8.7	21.2	21.7
Family treated unfairly	19.2	19.8	23.0	28.9	30.5
Markers of child health and development
Obesity, %	5	6	13	12	11
Socioemotional difficulties, mean (SE)^*	7.3 (4.9)	9.7 (5.7)	8.2 (6.6)	8.6 (4.2)	7.7 (4.5)
Verbal ability, mean (SE)^‡	51.2 (11.8)	41.9 (12.3)	41.2 (12.1)	51.7 (8.8)	46.4 (10.4)
Non-verbal ability, mean (SE)^‡	56.0 (10.2)	52.2 (10.4)	53.0 (12.9)	56.0 (9.4)	54.8 (9.5)
Spatial ability, mean (SE)^‡	50.6 (8.9)	46.4 (10.4)	46.7 (11.3)	47.4 (9.6)	46.6 (9.8)
Explanatory factors
Gender
Male	54	50	48	53	51
Mother's age at time of birth
<25	2	4	4	9	2
25–29	19	34	37	20	16
30–34	35	34	37	24	23
35–39	29	19	16	23	31
40+	15	9	6	24	28
Languages spoken at home
Only or mostly English	61	40	17	99	67
Mother’s mental health, K6 score, mean (SD)	0.16 (0.41)	0.23 (0.50)	0.21 (0.54)	0.16 (0.37)	0.15 (0.37)
Family income
<£10 400	9	25	29	30	25
£10 400–£20 799	26	36	33	24	29
£20 800–£31 199	16	11	10	11	12
£31 200–£51 999	20	4	5	13	13
£52 000 or more	11	3	1	5	5
Refuse/don't know	18	21	22	17	16
Highest parental educational attainment^†
NVQ5	24	13	6	12	24
NVQ4	35	14	12	30	23
NVQ3	13	12	11	13	10
NVQ2	13	21	24	26	12
NVQ1	2	8	8	7	2
Overseas	4	11	12	2	10
None	9	21	27	10	19
Area deprivation
Most deprived	7	41	48	19	27
2	11	21	26	21	31
3	14	8	5	17	8
4	10	7	7	14	8
5	10	6	3	6	5
6	10	4	5	7	7
7	10	3	1	7	4
8	8	5	1	2	6
9	10	3	1	3	2
Least deprived	10	2	3	4	2

↵* Higher score indicates unfavourable outcome.
↵† NVQ5 Higher degree, NVQ4 First degree/diploma, NVQ3 A/AS levels, NVQ2 GCSE grades A–C, NVQ1 GCSE grades D–G.
↵‡ Higher score indicates favourable outcomes.