Demographic and outcome variables at baseline of sample stratified by treatment (n=460)
| Demographic variables | Treatment (n=232) | Control (n=228) | Total (n=460) | p Value* (two-sided) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 70 (30.2) | 87 (38.2) | 157 (34.1) | 0.07 |
| Female | 162 (69.8) | 141 (61.8) | 303 (65.9) | |
| Age† (years) | 74.81 (7.8) | 74.90 (7.6) | 74.85 (7.7) | 0.90 |
| 60–64, n (%) | 24 (10.3) | 23 (10.1) | 47 (10.2) | 0.50 |
| 65–69, n (%) | 40 (17.2) | 39 (17.1) | 79 (17.2) | |
| 70–74, n (%) | 50 (21.6) | 44 (19.3) | 94 (20.4) | |
| 75–79, n (%) | 45 (19.4) | 59 (25.9) | 104 (22.6) | |
| 80–85, n (%) | 51 (22.0) | 38 (16.7) | 89 (19.4) | |
| 85+, n (%) | 22 (9.5) | 25 (11.0) | 47 (10.2) | |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 85 (36.6) | 87 (38.2) | 172 (37.4) | 0.44 |
| Black/African American | 78 (33.6) | 71 (31.1) | 149 (32.4) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 49 (21.1) | 43 (18.9) | 92 (20.0) | |
| Asian | 10 (4.3) | 8 (3.5) | 18 (3.9) | |
| Other | 10 (4.3) | 19 (8.3) | 29 (6.3) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 72 (31.0) | 64 (28.1) | 136 (29.6) | 0.91 |
| High school graduate | 45 (19.4) | 44 (19.3) | 89 (19.4) | |
| Some college or technical school | 77 (33.2) | 81 (35.5) | 158 (34.4) | |
| Four years of college or more | 38 (16.4) | 39 (17.1) | 77 (16.7) | |
| Annual income‡, n (%) | ||||
| $0∼$11 999 | 123 (53.7) | 117 (53.2) | 240 (53.5) | 0.77 |
| $12 000–$23 999 | 51 (22.3) | 56 (25.5) | 107 (23.8) | |
| $24 000–$35 999 | 25 (10.9) | 24 (10.9) | 49 (10.9) | |
| $36 000+ | 30 (13.1) | 23 (10.4) | 53 (11.8) | |
| Income support§, n (%) | ||||
| One person | 194 (84.4) | 178 (80.2) | 372 (82.3) | 0.25 |
| More than one person | 36 (15.6) | 44 (19.8) | 80 (17.7) | |
| Retirement status, n (%) | ||||
| Retired/active (student or volunteer) | 59 (25.4) | 52 (22.8) | 111 (24.1) | 0.51 |
| Retired/inactive | 173 (74.6) | 176 (77.2) | 349 (75.9) | |
| Living situation, n (%) | ||||
| Alone | 193 (83.2) | 184 (80.7) | 377 (82.0) | 0.49 |
| Lives with others | 39 (16.8) | 44 (19.3) | 83 (18.0) | |
| Site type, n (%) | ||||
| Graduated care retirement community | 17 (7.3) | 16 (7.0) | 33 (7.2) | 0.97 |
| Senior residence-subsidised | 107 (46.1) | 101 (44.3) | 208 (45.2) | |
| Senior centre: multipurpose | 71 (30.6) | 74 (32.5) | 145 (31.5) | |
| Senior centre: parks and recreation | 37 (16.0) | 37 (16.2) | 74 (16.1) | |
| Neighbourhood score† ¶ | ||||
| Neighbourhood score (1–7) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.4) | 0.93 |
| Outcome variables† | ||||
| SF-36 V. 2 | ||||
| Bodily pain | 43.24 (11.48) | 44.47 (11.56) | 43.85 (11.52) | 0.25 |
| Physical function | 38.65 (11.98) | 38.38 (12.33) | 38.51 (12.14) | 0.81 |
| Role physical | 40.47 (11.60) | 41.60 (10.07) | 41.03 (10.87) | 0.26 |
| General health | 44.66 (10.15) | 44.88 (10.46) | 44.77 (10.29) | 0.82 |
| Mental health | 47.35 (11.79) | 47.59 (11.32) | 47.47 (11.54) | 0.83 |
| Role emotional | 39.04 (14.04) | 40.76 (12.39) | 39.89 (13.26) | 0.17 |
| Social functioning | 44.23 (11.71) | 45.82 (10.61) | 45.02 (11.19) | 0.13 |
| Vitality | 49.86 (9.82) | 50.14 (9.75) | 50.00 (9.78) | 0.76 |
| Physical composite | 41.09 (10.06) | 41.43 (10.60) | 41.26 (10.32) | 0.72 |
| Mental composite | 46.90 (11.74) | 48.05 (10.81) | 47.47 (11.29) | 0.27 |
| Life satisfaction-Z | ||||
| 16.94 (5.56) | 16.76 (5.72) | 16.85 (5.64) | 0.73 | |
| CES-D Scale | ||||
| 14.32 (10.89) | 13.13 (10.91) | 13.73 (10.91) | 0.24 | |
| CERAD-memory | ||||
| Immediate recall | 4.07 (1.71) | 4.09 (1.48) | 4.08 (1.60) | 0.87 |
| Delayed recall | 5.02 (2.22) | 4.78 (2.23) | 4.90 (2.23) | 0.25 |
| Recognition | 18.57 (2.30) | 18.27 (2.22) | 18.42 (2.26) | 0.16 |
| Visual search | ||||
| Median reaction time | 1413.59 (647.40) | 1355.41 (596.80) | 1385 (623.40) | 0.34 |
| Psychomotor speed | ||||
| 38.85 (16.36) | 38.79 (17.08) | 38.82 (16.70) | 0.97 | |
Age is calculated from date of birth and baseline evaluation date; in the category race, ‘Other’ includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, Multiracial, other and refused.
↵* χ2 tests were performed for categorical variables, and Student t tests were performed for continuous variables.
↵† Mean (SD).
↵‡ Income: 11 refused (3 in the treatment group and 8 in the control group).
↵§ Income support: 8 refused (2 in the treatment group and 6 in the control group).
↵¶ Based on project managers' ratings of the overall quality of the neighbourhood in which the site was located.
CES-D Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease; SF-36 V. 2, Version 2 of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.