Pooled HRs for all-cause and major causes of mortality according to alcohol consumption category (women)*
| Non-drinkers | Occasional drinkers | Current drinkers (≥once/week) | Trend | Heterogeneity | ||||||
| (Never- and ex-drinkers) | (<once/week) | <23 g/day | 23 to <46 g/day | ≥46 g/day | (per 15 g-increase) | p Value and I2 (%) | ||||
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | p Value for trend | For trend | For the highest category | |
| Number of subjects (n=165070) | 120885 | 18468 | 20569 | 3559 | 1589 | |||||
| All causes | ||||||||||
| Person-years (n=2092057) | 1574957 | 218893 | 240869 | 40144 | 17195 | |||||
| Number of cases (n=13541) | 11258 | 932 | 1041 | 220 | 90 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 1.16 (0.90 to 1.50) | 1.38 (1.12 to 1.70) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | <0.001 | 0.397 3.0% | 0.559 0.0% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.92) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.42) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.010 | 0.616 0.0% | 0.696 0.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.38 (1.24 to 1.53) | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.99) | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.63) | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.66) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.90 (0.81 to 0.998) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.98) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.48) | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.53) | 1.01 (0.999 to 1.02) | 0.097 | 0.819 0.0% | 0.867 0.0% | |
| Cause-specific mortality | ||||||||||
| Person-years (n=2031281) | 1529797 | 212405 | 232360 | 39598 | 17122 | |||||
| Cancer | ||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=4690) | 3787 | 376 | 402 | 93 | 32 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.70 to 1.38) | 1.20 (0.84 to 1.70) | 0.996 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.587 | 0.339 11.9% | 0.890 0.0% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.09) | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.05) | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.29) | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.50) | 0.995 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.545 | 0.790 0.0% | 0.746 0.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.36 (1.12 to 1.67) | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.19) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.72 to 1.40) | 1.06 (0.65 to 1.71) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.15) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.50) | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.47) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.744 | 0.100 45.8% | 0.502 0.0% | |
| Heart disease | ||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=1978) | 1678 | 115 | 139 | 30 | 16 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.04) | 1.21 (0.81 to 1.82) | 2.11 (1.28 to 3.48) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.171 | 0.010 66.7% | 0.789 0.0% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.06) | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.01) | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.49) | 1.73 (1.04 to 2.86) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 0.400 | 0.048 55.2% | 0.584 0.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.36) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.04) | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.95) | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.56) | 1.57 (0.81 to 3.06) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.27) | 0.89 (0.64 to 1.24) | 1.02 (0.64 to 1.60) | 1.70 (0.93 to 3.11) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.096 | 0.841 0.0% | 0.813 0.0% | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=1899) | 1592 | 117 | 145 | 27 | 18 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.05) | 0.94 (0.75 to 1.18) | 0.92 (0.47 to 1.80) | 1.99 (1.24 to 3.18) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | 0.315 | 0.062 52.4% | 0.418 0.0% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04) | 0.78 (0.43 to 1.44) | 1.42 (0.81 to 2.49) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 0.985 | 0.038 57.6% | 0.277 20.8% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.52 to 1.94) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.52 to 2.01) | 1.24 (0.36 to 4.34) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.80 (0.62 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.45) | 1.48 (0.72 to 3.07) | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.30) | 0.435 | <0.001 97.4% | 0.229 28.9% | |
Numbers in boldface indicate p<0.05.
↵* The pooled analyses included the JPHC-I, JPHC-II, JACC, MIYAGI, OHSAKI and TAKAYAMA studies.
↵† The pooled analyses included the JPHC-II, JACC, MIYAGI and OHSAKI studies.
↵‡ Adjusted for age (years, continuous) and area (JPHC-I, JPHC-II and JACC).
↵§ Adjusted for smoking (never smoker, past smoker, or current smoker), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–<25, ≥25), history of hypertension (no, yes), history of diabetes (no, yes), and leisure-time sports or physical exercise (<almost daily, almost daily), in addition to adjustment in ‡.